Distinguishing A Sentence From An Utterance

Distinguishing A Sentence From An UtteranceA sentence is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a complete thought. It can be written or spoken. A sentence can include words grouped misbegotteningfully to express a avouchment, question, exclamation, require or command. It is n both a physical event nor a physical object. Examples I am a student. The world is my home.An utterance is the use of every establish of oral communication by a particular loud vocalizer on a particular situation. It can be in the form of a sequence of sentences, a single clause, a single phrase, or just a single word. Linguists whatsoevertimes use utterance to simply refer to a unit of spoken language under study.ExamplesTina visits her niece and meets a new friend .Tina Hi. Hello, how are you behind.To differentiate utterance and sentence, we usually use quotation mark (.) in written form of utterance. For example, a piece of utterance that is spoken by genuine person Im a student.Dec ide whether each pair of sentences below has the same or different propositional content. If they fill the same propositional content, identify the proposition that they both share.a. mickle John prolong some cake? John has some cakesame propositional content John having some cakeb. Take out the garbage you get out take out the garbagesame propositional content taking out the garbagec. Can you pass the salt The salt shaker is nearly emptydifferent propositional contentThe char functi unmatchedristics of an utterance areIt is spoken and can be loud or quietCan be true or falsePhysical eventMay be grammatical or nonMeaningful or meaninglessBy specific person (in particular accent)By specific time or on particular occasionA piece of language (a single phrase or even a single word)Explain these terms and concepts and give an example of eachSpeech be actives A speech act is an utterance that constitutes some act in addition to the mere act of uttering. It serves a function in com munication.. We perform speech acts when we make an apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, etc. A speech act might contain just one word, as in Sorry or several words or sentences Im sorry I forgot your birthday. I just dont know how it happened. Examples Request Could you open the window, please?Performative utterance a type of statement we make using the right words, with the right intention, and in the right con textbook in order to perform an action. It is an utterance that peforms an act by the fact of its being uttered under certain circumstances. When a person makes a performative utterance, that person is performing an action .For example, a person can give a name to a new puppy by stating aloud, I name this puppy Rita or as when you say I promise, thus performing the act of promising or a instructor could assign his differentiate homework by simply stating, I assign you pages 67-68 in Gateway 2 as homework.Constative utterance Is an utterance w hich states, reports, or describes facts in the world. It is a statement of facts that can be judged as true or false. Constative utterances are contrasted with performative utterances, which have a similar linguistic structure but do not resign true or false statements virtually the world. Examples Shakespeare died in 1956 The cat is on the mat. or the utterance John is running, which depends for its truth or falsity on whether it is the teddy that John is runningAct of assertion To assert is to state with force. So if psyche makes an assertion, theyre not just trying out an idea they really mean it. An assertion is a speech act in which something is claimed to be true. It refers to the act of affirming or asserting or stating something. An ACT of ASSERTION is carried out when a speaker utters a declarative sentence (which can be either true or false), and undertakes a certain responsibility, or commitment, to the hearer, that a particular state ofaffairs, or situation, ex ists in the world.Examples Jenny got an A on the test or thither is a traffic jam on Hassan I bridge In exchange at 0800 a.m Performative verb They are the type of verbs use to make performative utterances. They describe actions carried out by speakers. Examples are promise, name, bet, agree, swear, hold in, order, predict, warn, insist, declare refuse ,etc.5. For each of the pastime utterances state one or two purposes that the speaker may have had in mind when uttering them.a The car is dirty. to complain about the state of the car to request from someone to clean the carb Is it right to allow skateboarding on our sidewalks? to disapprove of skateboarding to request banning skateboardingc Look at the mess you just made to order someone to tidy up the place to complain about the messd Some of the pages have been bust out. to apologize to someone about the damage to complain about the damage.6. Try to identify the kind(s) of acts mentioned in your fare to question 5 a bove (such as warning, requesting, enjoin, complaining, apologizing, etc.). realize the above answers7. Identify whether the following utterances are performative or constative. If an utterance is performative, describe the act being performed, as well as the act being described.a I order you to pay the bill. performative the speaker is performing the act of ordering the listener to pay the billb I pronounce you man and wife. performative utilise in the course of a marriage ceremony. the act performed is making a couple legally married.c I promise to drop by tomorrow. performative the speaker is performing the act of promising to visit.d The minister pronounced them man and wife. constativee I promised to drop by tomorrow. constative the verb should be in the presentf I sweep the floor every Tuesday. constativeg I believe you were wrong. constative8. Identify which of the following is a performative verb and use it in a sentence as a performative. Use the hereby test to help you make your decision. Think of three additional performative verbs not listed here, and also use them performatively in a sentence.a. declare performative I hereby declare war against our enemy.b. warn performative I hereby warn you to go inside.c. think d. promise performative I hereby promise to misdirect you some ice cream.e. write f. approve (to OK something) performative I hereby approve the report, so you can send it g. prompt performative I hereby remind you to turn your cell phones off.h. consider More performative verbsApologize I apologize for my behaviourSentence We hereby sentence you to 10 years in prisonOrder I hereby order you to shut upAdvise I advise you to keep up the payments on your car9. Performative verbs follow certain conventions.What are they? Are there excommunications? Give an example or two of each.Some conventions of performative verbs arePerformative verbs are verbs that describe actions carried out by speakers.They are used in 1s t person singular, present (nonprogressive), indicative, active.They can be combined with herebyExceptionsYou are hereby forbidden smoke here (exception, because performative, but with a 2nd person field of study)We thank you for your services (exception,because performative but with 1st person plural subject)10. Identify which of the following utterances are performative. Also identify the utterances which are exceptions to the conventions you mentioned in the answer to the previous question. Explain why they are exceptions.a Students are asked to keep noise to a minimum. b You are hereby allowed to enter the vault. performative exception (2nd person)c You must enter quietly. -d We apologize for our mistake. performative exception (1st person plural)e I admit that I made a mistake. performativef The text was written by two authors. g Wearing hats inside is forbidden. performative exception (passive)11. Why do we talk about utterances being performative (rather than senten ces or propositions)?we talk about utterances being performative beacause an utterance is the use of any piece of language by a particular speaker on a particular situation. It can be in the form of a sequence of sentences, a single clause, a single phrase, or just a single word. It can be any vocally produced sound( unlike the sentence which is a grammatically complete string of words expressing a complete thought and which can be written or spoken. ).Moreover, unlike utterances, propositions are active declarative sentences used to describe or constate something, and which thus are true or false. So, Performative utterances are not true or false, instead when something is wrong with them then they are happy or unhappy. The uttering of a performative is, or is part of, the doing of a certain kind of action, the performance of which, again, would not ordinarily be described as just saying or describing something .12. Explain these terms and concepts and give an example of eachperlo cutionary act (perlocution) A perlocutionary speech act a statement that has some sort of think or unintended effect. It refers to the interpretation of the message by the hearer or the actual effect of a speech act, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize something, whether intended or not. For example the utterance there is something in your shoulder may cause the listener to panic and to look on his shoulder. The perlocution of this utterance is to cause those emotions and actions.illocutionary act (illocution) An illocutionary speech act refers to the meaning intended by the speaker. It is the act of doing something by saying something. It refers to the pragmatic illocutionary force of the utterance, thus its intended significance as a socially valid verbal action. Performative utterances condescend under illocutionary speech acts. For example the utterance I swear to give it back next time is used to pe rform the illocutionary act of promising.Propositional act A propositional act has usually been characterized simply as the act of expressing a proposition. It is a speech act that a speaker performs when referring or predicating in an utterance. Example The following utterances all have the same propositional act despite their different illocutionary acts, utterance acts, and perlocutionary actsYou go home.Do you go home?Go homeHow I need youd go home13. For each of the following situations, identify the act carried out by the utterance (from among asserting, asking, or ordering).a Father to his son The car is dirty. ordering or requesting ( could you clean it?)b Irate citizen to the city council Is it right to allow skateboarding on our sidewalks? asserting ( its not right)c Mother to small youngster Look at the mess you just made asserting( you have made a mess)d Student to a friend on a slow day Some of my papers have blown away. requesting helpe Photographer to a client Stand right there and say cheese ordering or requestingf Student to a teacher What is the correct answer to question 2? askingg Student to a teacher I had trouble with question 2. requesting ( could you help me?)h Teacher to a student Question 2 has not yet been answered. ordering or requesting the answer14. Identify some of the possible perlocutionary effects of each utterance a Policeman to a loiterer Im afraid youll have to move on. causing the hearer to be embarrassed.b Parent to a child Its time for bed now. causing the hearer to be frustratedc Teacher to a student Youre going to flunk math. causing the hearer to be annoyedd Doctor to a patient You have only 3 minutes to live. causing the hearer to be upsete Auto mechanic to car owner Ill have to replace the engine. causing the hearer to be refer about the chargef Auto mechanic to car owner Theres nothing wrong with your car, so therell be no charge. causing the hearer to be pleasedg Sales clerk to customer This coat costs 900. causing the hearer to feel disappointedh Official to contest winner You just won 5,000,000 causing the hearer to be excited15. Identify the illocutionary act performed by uttering each of the followinga Could you pass the salt? requestingb Im afraid the cake didnt turn out too well. apologizingc What a despicable movie disliked Ive had full to wait for now. leavetakinge further there are too many books to read in this class complainingf You have written a beautiful critique of the problem. praisingg Hi, how are things going? greeting16. Which of the following pairs of illocutions seem to be appropriate sequences? For those which are appropriate, make up a pair of utterances which exemplify them.a offering declining appropriate sequencesExample A A cup of tea ?B No, thanksb praising thanking appropriate sequencesExample A You were so great B Thanksc congratulation toastingd congratulation declining appropriate sequencesExample A Nice car. Congrat ulations B Oh, its not mine.e accosting condolingf accusing admitting appropriate sequencesExample A No one but you could reveal that secret.B Yes, but I didnt mean itg leavetaking mockingh deploring agreeing appropriate sequencesExample A It was a great loss for us all.B certainly.17 Classify the following acts as either illocutionary (I) or perlocutionary (P).a. persuading someone ( P ) f. irritating someone ( P)b. bothering someone ( P ) g. pleasing someone ( P)c .apologizing to someone ( I ) h . protesting to someone ( I )d. upsetting someone ( P ) i. helping someone ( I )e. accosting someone ( I ) j. impressing someone ( P )18 In pragmatics, is concentrating only on illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts enough to understand an utterance? Why ?There is no doubt that the Speech Acts theory has a revolutionary contribution to the understanding of utterances. Still, I think that it will not be enough to understand the human language because it is , by nature , highly complex. Many studies talk about the limitations of the Speech Acts theory. John Searle acknowledges some simplifications I am ignoring more complex types of subject expressions, relational predicate expressions, and molecular propositions. Until we can get clear about the simple cases we are just now likely to get clear about the more complicated ones. (Searle, Speech Acts, 33.)Some the issues raised is figurative or non-literal meaning in particular, idiomatic or fixed expressions, metaphor, and metonymy. The study of this kind of meaning has not traditionally been the focus of linguistics. Now, it has become much more important in recent years, partly because semanticists have begun to realize how prevalent it is in everyday language. They have also begun to discover that much, if not all, of its use is not totally haphazard or idiosyncratic, but subject to certain rules and principles that can be discovered and described.I have also read an article about Illocutionary Silencing by Alexander Bird published in Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 83 (2002), but honestly I didnt understand it.