Is it still possible to run a business nowadays using the philanthropic principles of the Cadbury Brothers which were so popular during the 19th century Essay Example

Is it still possible to run a business nowadays using the philanthropic principles of the Cadbury Brothers which were so popular during the 19th century? Essay Cadbury’s is one of the most recognizable brands in the world of sweet products. Its flagship chocolate varieties have become synonymous with consumable cocoa products. And to maintain such sweeping monopoly and brand loyalty over more than a hundred years is a great achievement. What is also remarkable is the fact that Cadbury’s had always conducted business in a socially responsible manner. It is one those exceptional enterprises which did not operate purely on the basis of profit motive. Cadbury’s had had an impressive track record of employee welfare schemes and other philanthropic activities. But, unfortunately, such a philosophy is seldom seen in the business world today, where greed overcomes any humanitarian impulse. This essay will argue that the corporate culture and business philosophy followed in Cadbury’s during the 19th century is impossible to apply in the present times. When John Cadbury started the corporation back in late 19th century, he had a vision that was consistent with the principles outlined in Quakerism. Quakers believed that a commitment to communal welfare is essential for attaining divine grace. As a result Quakers were proactive philanthropists, including John Cadbury. He implemented a huge housing project on a scale of 120 acres of land so as to provide all his employees decent dwelling conditions. Even his sons George and Richard Cadbury espoused the spirit of Quakerism in their managerial decisions. For those early generations of Cadbury managers, profits were not everything. But today, it is impossible to think of corporate leaders to belong in the same league as John Cadbury and his sons. (Bacon, 1997) What we have today is vapid sloganeering to project an outward philanthropy, which is in essence a garbed push for profits. Jargons such as â€Å"cause-related marketing†, â€Å"social marketing†, â€Å"altruis tic marketing† and â€Å"public purpose marketing† and â€Å"corporate do-gooding† arc just some of the unhelpful terms being thrown around these days. They are not true philanthropy as was carried out by John Cadbury and his sons. Even Cadbury’s former marketing director John Taylor admitted his concerns in 1992. By then, Cadbury’s had cut its charity roster to two: World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and Save the Children. The long-term approach, rather than the immediate impact on the bottom line that others claim for Corporate Do-Gooding, was Taylor’s concern then. (Dwek, 1992) What Taylor observed two decades back has proved prophetic today, with the Cadbury’s sovereign brand being swept away in an aggressive takeover bid. We will write a custom essay sample on Is it still possible to run a business nowadays using the philanthropic principles of the Cadbury Brothers which were so popular during the 19th century? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is it still possible to run a business nowadays using the philanthropic principles of the Cadbury Brothers which were so popular during the 19th century? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is it still possible to run a business nowadays using the philanthropic principles of the Cadbury Brothers which were so popular during the 19th century? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The top management of companies like Cadbury’s believed in industrial democracy and worker engagement in key management decisions. Of the handful of companies that experimented with industrial democracy, Cadbury’s was outstandingly successful. These companies also had strong ideologies and a strong sense of social responsibility, which actually helped their profitability. Not only was Cadbury’s exemplary in this respect, but its arch rival in the chocolate industry Rowntree as well. In these two companies, worker participation was directly linked to company’s participation in social programs. There was a circular process through which quality products were created by happy and well-paid workers as well as healthy financial performance for the company. (Dwek, 1992) Public health and Christian principles were therefore among â€Å"the ‘push’ factors that transformed chocolate from an expensive luxury into an increasingly common commodity. Many of the chocolate makers that started up in Britain in the nineteenth century were owned and managed by Quaker families. The philosophy and moral outlook of these founder entrepreneurs pervaded the industry for decades.† (Witzel, 2009) In conclusion, in today’s world of cut-throat competition under the spell of a prolonged economic recession, philanthropy is the least of concerns for corporate leaders. Corporate philanthropy has become a hallow term which stands for yet another marketing ploy. It is fair to claim that there is an element of perversion in this tactic, which even Cadbury’s succumbed under competitive pressure. Cadbury’s Strollerton initiative that was unveiled a few years ago is seemingly altruistic and socially conscious, but , in truth, the initiative’s warm glow of charity-giving is nothing but â€Å"the white heat of extra sales and market share is something which Cadbury has shown to be one of the shrewdest marketing ploys around.† (Witzel, 2009) This kind of ‘caring corporatism’ is taking off in a big way. It is a sad development, indeed, that the noble philanthropic tradition of Cadbury’s has given way to bolstering the bottom line. Bibliography Bacon, M. H. (1997). Let This Life Speak: The Legacy of Henry Joel Cadbury. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Dwek, R. (1992, July 23). Doing Well by Giving Generously. Marketing, 16+. Witzel, M. (2009, Summer). Democracy, Community and Chocolate: The Management Philosophy of the Cadburys and the Rowntrees, 19th Century Commercial Rivals, Resulted in Happy and Well-Paid Workers and Strong, Profitable and Creative Companies. European Business Forum, (14), 72+.

Freakonomics †A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything †Book Review

Freakonomics – A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything – Book Review Free Online Research Papers Freakonomics : A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything Book Review By now we have all heard an interview or two on NPR with journalist Stephen J. Dubner and economist Stephen D. Levitt. Or perhaps a friend talking at work or school about this fascinating book: Freakonomics : A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. I was given this book before a weekend trip and I stormed through the 200 pages twice. Once on the plane trip there and again 2 days later on the trip home. It was one of those books that I wanted to talk about with all my friends. As a student I have taken macro and micro economics but the concept of incentives never hit home until I read this book. The idea that economics is a holistic study of humans and an organizations choices was hard to understand. However, in this book the authors explore some interesting questions that are a far cry from the typical corporate scandal article. For example, there are chapters that discuss: How is the Ku Klux Klan like a group of real estate agents? What makes a perfect parent? If drug dealers make so much money, why do they still live with their moms? I recommend this book for anyone who is curious about how the world works. I imagine for an economist there is nothing in this book that is shocking. However, for the average person they will find it full of delight. Perhaps because economics makes so much sense for the first time or perhaps because they feel better about their decision to not become a drug dealer. I give it 4 out of 5 stars and anxiously wait for Dubner and Levitt’s next book Super Freakonomics. Research Papers on Freakonomics - A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything - Book ReviewBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMind TravelPETSTEL analysis of IndiaStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Group Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Group Decision Making - Essay Example There are studies which support the concept that groups influence work behavior. A group is composed of individuals working together towards common goals by interacting with one another and utilizing appropriate resources. They need a certain period of time for common interests to be discussed, explained and internalized so that stability and efficiency would ensue. From the cohesiveness that a group develops, certain level of performance is achieved. It is therefore the objective of this paper to proffer issues pertinent to group decision making by focusing on experiences with group decision making in a professional setting. One successful and one unsuccessful experience would be identified. Likewise, the reasons for the group’s good or poor performance, drawing from concepts in the course readings would be identified and discussed, accordingly. A group is composed of individuals working together towards common goals by interacting with one another and utilizing some resources. They need a certain period of time for common interests to be discussed, explained and internalized so that stability and efficiency would ensue. According to Martires & Fule (2000, 109), â€Å"many specific roles can be categorized according to the actual behaviors of the group members. Group-building roles lead the group toward positive member interaction and interpersonal behavior†. Different studies present varying models of a typical decision-making process depending on their perspectives. Some models follow eight steps, others five. For purposes of making intuitive choices, one structurally follows six steps in decision making. The six steps of this natural, intuitive decision-making process, according to Ethics Resource Center (2009) are: â€Å"Step 1: Define the problem; Step 2: Identify available alternative solutions to the problem; Step 3: Evaluate the identified alternatives; Step 4: Make the

Teledentistry Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teledentistry - Thesis Example ves unique techniques such as self-directing online study, streaming media, webcast and real-time video conferencing, which are utilized to deliver dental education, either live or on demand. These techniques have changed dental and dental hygiene education in many ways, for example; the technology in teledentistry involves a two-way communication video and audio communication-making training visual and efficient. This paper has also discussed the challenges faced by teledentistry especially those that are technologically related. Relevant information was gathered through primary and secondary methods of data collection. The primary data sought was from telemedicine and teledentistry related books and scholarly journals as well as formal websites. Moreover, the information gathered from primary data is reflected in the literature review section. Secondary data was collected through random sampling, where students below the age of twelve were selected and both dental care and hygiene from direct observation and observation from a distance was carried out. The main aim of the observation was to compare the results between direct observation and observation at a distance after which a conclusion was drawn. Having compared the results, the figures and samples were comprehensively discussed and this brought the paper to further recommendation in case of a future research. Finally, conclusions were drawn from the findings and, the future of teledentistry was mentioned. The purpose of the examination procedure was done as a procedure to control infection among the ten randomly chosen children of below 12 years. The examination covered hard and soft tissue problems such as missing teeth, caries, and inflammations among others. For the observed dental illnesses, the patients would be referred to orthodontics, periodontics, endodontic and, surgery. The children were directly diagnosed, and diagnosis using electronic telediagnosis after which result were compared. However,

Language Use and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Language Use and Culture - Essay Example Informal language on the other hand is used in situations that are more relaxed and often involve people that we are very familiar with. Formal language is mostly used in writing, whereas informal language is used in speech. There are times, however, when informal language is used in writing. Such situations involve writing letters, emails and text messages to friends or family members. Informal Use of spoken language can also be formal. For instance, when a lecturer is giving lectures to students mostly the language is formal. For instance, a statement like ‘We went to Barcelona for the weekend. We have a lot of things to tell you’, is a formal statement. When said informally the statement would be ‘Went to Barcelona for the weekend. Lots to tell you. In his speech, John McWhorter says that people have stopped giving speeches formally and have now changed gradually to give informal speeches. He says that the kind of speech given in an old movie where one clears his throat before giving the speech I and go, â€Å" Ahem, ladies and gentlemen,† is a thing of the past. He continues to say that even the way we write has gradually changed from formal to informal. John says that people, especially young people write as if they are talking not giving about capital letters or punctuation especially when texting. John refers to texting as fingered speech because it is basically a form of speech in writing. Informal language sometimes involves use of slang. Slang may be described as a subset of a language used by a particular group of people. Slang usually consists of words and phrases which are not in the English dictionary. These words and phrases could be distortions of already existing English words or entirely new creations. Slang is used by almost all groups of people in society who have common interests or situations. The group of people that uses slang

The Communication Style In Middle East Cultural Studies Essay

The Communication Style In Middle East Cultural Studies Essay In this chapter, an analysis of the communication style of Middle Eastern countries will be provided, with particular focus on the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Before analysing our focus countries, it is interesting to provide an overview of the communication style in the Middle East compared to that in the West. Only after understanding the main differences between these two regions, can inner differences be explained. Western ventures as well as expat foreign workers that start working in the Middle East face many challenges due to the differences in their communication style. The nature of business communication style is the result of the combination of different factors, such as cultural, political, socio-economical and historical characteristics of a country. Some of the main cultural factors will be therefore analysed in the section. First of all, Middle East countries are very high context, meaning that people from this region take into consideration all the different aspects of a certain event in order to get the true understanding of it. Hidden meanings can be found by analysing the situation as a whole. This term was coined by Edward Hall (1976) and positioned in contrast to low-context countries, such as USA, in which the meaning of words can be taken directly from the message, without the necessity to analyse the whole context. As can be seen later in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia section, the high context characteristic can also be associated to the characteristic of the Arabic language as an associative language. This statement by Hall (1976, p. 98) effectively gives an effective understand of the meaning of high context When talking about something that they have on their minds, a high context individual will expect his interlocutor to know whats bothering him, so that he doesnt have to be specific. The re sult is that he will talk around and around the point, in effect putting all the pieces in place except the crucial one. Placing it properly this keystone is the role of his interlocutor. Secondly, Middle Eastern people tend to invest a huge amount of their time establishing personal relationships and getting to better know their negotiating parties before actually initiating the work (Badawy, 1980). Because of this, doing business in the Middle East usually takes longer than in other countries. Personal contacts are considered more important than procedures and standard processes for businesses. For example, creative sales techniques and media advertising are not as effective in these countries as in Western ones. Instead, business in the Middle East relies more on the cultivation of individual customers and on government officials (Badawy, 1980). Another characteristic that distinguishes Middle Eastern management communication style from that of the West is related to the perception of time and space. Middle Eastern countries have a primarily polychronic work style, they usually engage in multiple activities and goals at the same time. In the Middle East, time is an open-ended concept. It is a mixture of past, present and future. The word bukra (literally tomorrow) that is often used in this region refers to the fact that what cannot be done today will be done tomorrow and the word inshallah (literally God willing) underlines that God is in control of time (Martin and Chaney, 2006). Therefore, time is considered to be a flexible concept, being late at meetings and not respecting strictly deadlines is usually not seen as offensive behaviour. Moreover, being late could also be a tactic used by Middle Eastern managers to demonstrate their superiority and power over their subordinates (Martin and Chaney, 2006). As far as space is concerned, business conversations in Middle Eastern countries usually occur simultaneously among different people and in the same office, similar to a round table discussion (Badawy, 1980). Having described some of the main features that characterise the communication style of the Middle East, this paper will now focus on the two considered countries, UAE and Saudi Arabia. The aim of the two subsections is to provide an analysis of the two countries in respect to some factors that either distinguish the Emirati or Saudi communication style from the general concept of business communication style in the Middle East or that underline differences between the two regions. United Arab Emirates The UAE is a very particular Middle Eastern country as we have seen in the previous sections. As far as the communication style is involved, studies have shown sound insights. On one hand, the high percentage of expatriate workers and western organisations have been influencing the communication behaviour of Emiratis. Many UAE companies have adapted their norms and communication style to match the Western ones (Willemyns et al., 2011). This has been a progressive process, driven by the fact that today more and more expatriates work in the UAE and that Emiratis employed in large companies can usually speak fluent English. On the other hand, specific patterns of communication style can be found within UAE companies. Our main reference will be the study performed by Willemyns et al. (2011) and described in their research paper Communication and Social Identity Dynamics in UAE Organizations. The study was conducted among 192 Emiratis (34 women) who worked in different companies in Dubai and were asked to complete a survey about their interaction with Western expatriate colleagues . However, before proceeding with the analysis of the findings, a short overview of the theoretical underpinnings behind them will be provided. More specifically, the social identity theory has been considered. This theory proposes that ones self-concept is compromised of a personal identity (based on idiosyncratic characteristics such as bodily attributes, abilities and psychological traits) and of social identities, based on groups memberships (Willemyns et al., 2011). A certain person would thus see themselves as part of a group (ingroup) and would compare their ingroup to an outsider group (outgroup), composed of people that are not part of the ingroup (Williams and Giles, 1996). This theory can therefore be used to understand and explain how the Emiratis interact with their foreign colleagues, whether they relate to them as part of the ingroup or the outgroup. The study has shown three main communication patterns. The first category relates to Interpersonal Control, which refers to the interpersonal control adopted in the interaction of Emirati nationals with their foreign colleagues. This study has stressed the importance of the ingroup dimension to many Emirati employees. In fact, a high percentage of them feel that they are perceived by their co-workers as belonging to the same group, on an equitable level. Furthermore, Emiratis try to understand the single individual when they interact with their co-workers rather than classifying them as part of a stereotypical cultural outgroup. Examples of this perception are related to non-work and friendship role relationship, similar values and interpersonal similarities. In a broader sense of the individualization process just described, Condon and Yousef (1975) have highlighted the difference between individualism, which indicates independence from the group, and individuality, which relates to the freedom of an individual to act, individuality ref ers to the persons freedom to act differently within the limits set by the social structure (Condon and Yousef,1975). Thus, in this specific case, the study refers more to individuality than to individualism of Emiratis. This sense of individuality can also be traced in the Quran where an individual (a prophet) would go against his group in order to proclaim his faith and belief in God. Therefore, for Arab people and in this specific case, for Emiratis, individual dignity and honour are extremely important. (Ayish, 2003). Therefore, if on one hand the belonging to ingroup is an essential part for Emiratis, on the other hand, the individual as a unique person is highly respected. This fact shows that it is probably too simplistic considering Emiratis as a collectivistic culture (Zaharna, 2009). The second category analysed is discourse management, which refers to the ability of a person in creating written and oral texts. In the specific case, we consider discourse management in relation to conversations held at work between Emiratis and their Western counterparts. As far as discourse management is concerned, the ingroup and outgroup sides seem to be balanced. More specifically, if on one hand, some Emiratis perceive high cultural difference with their colleagues, for example they feel their ideas are not listened to nor understood, on the other hand, some other Emiratis express an open, transparent and efficient communication process. Significant examples of this aspect are related to the willingness or unwillingness of colleagues to listen and communicate or to participate in small talk and self-disclosure. Small talks are defined by DeVito (2001) as short conversations typically used to break the ice between people. They are also defined pathic communication, term that w as coined by the anthropologist Malinowsky (1923) and refers to short discussions of low information content that are used to build and maintain relationships, to saving face issues. Finally, a balance can also be found in the last category, face issues. Emiratis value face-to-face communication as an important feature. Face-to-face communication could lead to both positive effects, for example a foreign colleague expressing explicit praise, congratulations and encouragement and negative consequences, for instance by embarrassing in public an Emirati, through criticism and negative feedback and by asking inappropriate questions such as questions related to wives and or sisters. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia In this section, an analysis of some interesting factors that shape the business communication style in Saudi Arabia will be provided. First of all, the environment highly influences the communication style of Arab countries. In particular, Ali (1990) underlines how Arab people are subjected to behave in different ways depending on the characteristics of the environment in which they are and have relationship with. More specifically, in an authoritarian environment, an Arab tends to be conservative, dependent on authorities and on higher status people and refrains from debate and discussions (Ali and Hayward, 1993). In Saudi Arabia, the communication style is more indirect and conservative compared to the communication style of other Mideastern such as the Emiratis due to their stricter environment. Moreover, Saudis show a higher avoidance of public conflict and criticism, preferring personal to impersonal procedures to resolve conflict and one-to-one business communication (Ali, 1995). Saudi Arabia is the place of birth both of Islam and Arabic. As Arabic is the language of the Quran, the spread of Islam to non-Arabic countries, such as part of South Asia, Europe and North Africa, has also implied the diffusion of Arabic language in them (Hitti, 1970; Hourani, 1992; Chejne, 1965). However, even though all countries in the Middle East have a common heritage in the Arabic language, not all of them have employed Arabic as official first language. Arabic is therefore one of the most important factors that influence the communication style in Saudi Arabia. According to Kabasakal and Bodur (2002), the Arabic language has a very strong influence on the identity of an Arabic person as well as on their communication style. Arabic manages to develop a feeling of identity among Arab people that also has crucial consequences on the communication style. In particular, the Arabic language is very associative, different examples of association can be found within the Arabic language and in the Quran (Zaharna, 2009). Therefore, in order to get the true understanding of a text written in Arabic, the ability to read Arabic is not sufficient; it is instead necessary to understand the different associations among words within a certain context. Likewise, Saudis use an indirect business communication style, where single words will not probably be of significant meaning. According to Katz (2006), a simple word like yes might mean possibly and i t will be very rare that a Saudi would answer with a direct no. Instead, Saudis value beautiful, elegant rhetoric over concise and accurate communication. Eloquent people are considered to be more worthy of trust and respect and so they will often use extremely descriptive, emotive and even poetic language to communicate their point indirectly. This can often make it difficult for Westerners to decipher the intended message. Furthermore, body language and eye contact is very important in the Middle East, however in Saudi Arabia it is more restricted and controlled. The final aspect that will be analysed in this section refers to the interaction of Saudis with the foreign corporations and colleagues. Unlike UAE, as seen in section 1.2 where Emiratis have shown a more open, transparent and positive behaviour, Saudi Arabia is a much more conservative and closed society that also regulates the way Saudis work with expatriates (Mackey, 1987). Having a local intermediary can therefore be extremely important for a foreigner to initiate a business relationship with local people. The intermediary will help providing the contacts and leveraging on existing relationships. (Katz, 2006). In fact, as described previously, personal relationships are crucial in Middle East and in this particular case, in Saudi Arabia.

John Steinbecks Novel, In Dubious Battle Essay -- John Steinbeck In D

John Steinbeck's Novel, In Dubious Battle We are lucky to have many talented writers who have successfully taught US history through their outstanding pieces of literature. One writer of this kind is John Steinbeck in the novel In Dubious Battle. It takes place in the 1930’s when Franklin Deleanor Roosevelt was President. The story is set in a small, rural, part of California, which is known as the Torgas Valley. The novel occurred before World War II at the late part of the Great Depression. The US was still recovering from the downfall from most of the American Industries that fell during the Great Depression. Due to the Industrial Revolution, there were no longer any large industries to support the overflowing amount of workers. The farms were the only place that needed a large work force. Therefore many of the workers had to move to the rural areas to support their needs and to survive. The farm owners were now able to cut the wages significantly, knowing that the workers would not quit and they would get all the work done.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main character in In Dubious Battle is Jim Nolan. Throughout the novel his life constantly changes. No day is typical in his life. At first he was a normal working man in the urban parts of California. However, he was not satisfied with his job and wanted to have a completely different life. He then decided to join the Reds, or Radicals, which was a Party that wanted to start strikes and protest against the low wages given to all the w...

London by William Blake Essay

Question- Identify a poem that makes a social or political statement. Explain what statement is being made and, with close references to the text, analyse the literary conventions used to convey the statements. Further, explain how this helps you gain a stronger understanding of the poem`s main theme(s). I have chosen the poem London by William Blake; I will explain how Blake is making a social and political statement by addressing the inequality and oppression within the city of London in the late 18th century. I will also examine how the poet manages to convey his opinion through poetic techniques. The poem is set in the City of London during the Industrial revolution, when there was a population explosion in the cities of the UK due to the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas in search of work. The sudden urbanisation in cities such as London put pressure on the standards of living and caused extreme poverty, people lived in horrific conditions. Due to the poor sanitation, there was a rapid spread of diseases such as cholera. William points to the corruption within the city of London; this poem is a form of social and political protest against the oppressive landlords and authorities of the city. In the first stanza William Blake talks of wandering through the streets that are privately owned, and states even the river Thames is not free from ownership. He is making a social/political comment about the ruling class and how everything that should be free to every citizen in London but has actually been stolen by the ruling class. His sense of inequality and oppression is clear from the very beginning. The repetition of the word â€Å"chartered† emphasises the bureaucracy that William felt was controlling the people of London. He also uses repetition with the word â€Å"mark† when he comments on the effects of this control and oppression has on the ordinary working class people. He states that in every face he sees there is a look of helplessness, and hopelessness for the future, all the people in despair. In the second verse, the poet continues to emphasise the oppression of the people. He uses repetition by emphasizing the word every, he is talking about every member of the population being enslaved by the ruling class and all are sorrowful this creates a feeling of depression on the streets of London. He talks about how minds are being controlled by using a metaphor to great effect: â€Å"The mind-forg’d manacles I hear. † The image being conveyed is that of a mind being manacled, unable to have hope for the future, and the suppression of thought, suggesting an imprisonment of the mind. Perhaps he felt that people were being socialized into accepting their fate, the authorities would want to supress any sense of rebellion In the third verse Blake make reference to the plight and exploitation of child workers, in this case Chimney sweeps. Child labour was cheap, but families relied on their meagre wages to survive. The children had to work long hours, in very harsh and dangerous environments. William Blake is appalled about how church and the palace sits back and does nothing to ease the plight of the destitute. Every black’ning Church appals; and the hapless Soldier’s sigh Runs in blood down Palace walls† The reference to soldier`s sigh represents men having to serve their country for a cause they do not agree with but feel they have no choice. Blake is appointing blame to these institutions that are supposedly meant to care and offer hope to people, yet there is no help forthcoming. His imagery creates a picture of a deep mourning within society. In the final stanza, he draws attention to the plight of the young prostitute on the dark night streets. When in a time of harsh economic trouble; young women may have had no choice but to turn to prostitution. Blake is drawing attention to the young women who are also victims of exploitation. â€Å"Blasts the new-born Infant’s tear and blights with plagues the Marriage hearse. † These women not only neglect their offspring but insult, damage, denigrate their children – we might think this is because of how these babies are got, or the circumstances of life – but the poet makes no mention or understanding, noting again, only the negative appearance, in a most unpleasant, off putting, unsympathetic way. Marriage is a â€Å"hearse† as opposed to a joyful partnership, marriages are killed or destroy those within it – and this is linked to the presence of young prostitutes who are either victims of, or the cause of – we cannot know further, because the poet walks on, breaking off communication with us and leaving us with only this singularly dark impression. One clue is the use of the word â€Å"plague†. The prevalence of what we would refer to as STD’s – a real plague in Victorian London, where the availability of prostitutes, lack of birth control and social attitudes meant that uncounted numbers of men brought an invisible virus home to the marriage bed. This must have had a debilitating, frightening impact on many of the population. The resultant levels of sickness among middle class – and no doubt other – women terribly deformed and blinded children, and all because of a topic that would affect almost every family but which was not discussed. William`s political views are clear throughout, his distrust of authority, and his hatred of the enslavement of society. He projects this through his dark imagery. His language throughout is morose and this sets the scene of a society ridden with poverty, working class people constantly being trod on by the ruling class. His social protest leaves the reader in do doubt that William detests the inequality and oppression that he sees all around him and also helps the reader to understand how hard it was to live during the industrial revolution unless you were a member of the ruling class.

A apologetic essay about how being a bully is wrong and the consequences of my actions. I had to write it to my Probation Officer.

A apologetic essay about how being a bully is wrong and the consequences of my actions. I had to write it to my Probation Officer. The consequences of my actions are numerous; like a wave in the ocean, rolling away out of sight unknown, yet nonetheless there. Although unintentional, my ignorance has caused emotional trauma.I do not think of myself as a bad person or a bully. I try to be friendly to everyone I meet, do my best not to make pre-conceived notions about people. I thought I was just goofing around with Nema - this went way overboard and I am very sorry for that. Every time I said any of the stupid things I said, a little chip of him dissipates. I did not realize that this had been happening to Nema all of high-school; that in fact his experience at high school has been anything but fun. My actions only worsened this. A load is put on his back of everything people have said and done to him, and one day it might just give out.The Columbine High School Memorial, located in Cle...I am the last one who wants to do this to a person.Why did Columbine happen? Why are there teenage suicides? Is it because of m e? No. Is it because of an accumulation of people acting like me, serious or not? Absolutely. A person can only be pushed so far before he breaks, acting against himself or toward others. The fact that Nema laughed at me when I made fun of him, that he never told me to stop, well, it astounded me. To be so accustomed to it that you just accept it, laugh at it because if you don't your afraid they might hurt you. I never intended to hurt him; however what I said was said.This is not much of a physically tormenting issue, at least in my case. Flicking his ear doesn't have much of a physical consequence,

Explain and critically discuss by reference Essays

Explain and critically discuss by reference Essays Explain and critically discuss by reference Essay Explain and critically discuss by reference Essay Explain and critically discourse by mention to the construct of builder s liability in carelessness, with full and appropriate treatment of instance jurisprudence, the intents and map of and practical justification for indirect guarantees in the building industry: The liability of a builder and their sub-contractors can be seen in regard to basic carelessness jurisprudence, the JCT and indirect guarantees with interested 3rd parties. This treatment will discourse the basic carelessness and contract rules under the JCT and how this applies to the builder, sub-contractors and the proprietor of the edifice. It will so concentrate on indirect guarantees and how these protect interested 3rd parties, in regard to carelessness and contract rules. The JCT has a double function in building and planning jurisprudence, the first to guarantee that sub-contractors do non mistreat the rights of the original contract between the building house and the proprietor of the belongings. The other function is to guarantee that the sub-contractor or contractor do non conflict the demands as set by the planning section, every bit good as planning and environmental ordinances. The undermentioned treatment will see the recent alterations in the JCT, every bit good as protecting the environmental and planning ordinances. One of the chief jobs when covering with sub-contractors is who is apt for defective work, the contractor or sub-contractor? In relation to the original contract between the proprietor of the belongings and the contractor the contractor is apt because they have employed the sub-contractor to make the specified work and if it is defective the owner’s contract is with the contractor and can non action a 3rd party, i.e. the sub-contractor. However the contractor will hold the ability to action the sub-contractor for defective work, as they have made a direct contract with the sub-contractor. However in relation to breaches of environmental or planning ordinances the path for departmental action is non so convoluted, because the planning and/or environmental sections can action the sub-contractor straight. The indirect guarantee, which has been strengthened with the protection of 3rd party to contract Torahs will exemplify a instance when the proprietor can be protected against the sub-contractor if this is signed between the two parties. This is because the collateral guarantee binds the sub-contractor to a party outside the contract. In add-on the contractor and sub-contractor can be bound to renters of the edifice, by indirect guarantees, if an interested 3rd party. Then the regulations of carelessness and contractual responsibilities are merely the same as between the contractor and the proprietor o f the edifice or in the instance of a sub-contractor and contractor. The footing of utilizing of a indirect guarantee to adhere 3rd parties in the edifice industry was with the determination of Woodar Investment Development Limited V Wimpey Construction UK Limited [ 1 ] , Lord Scarman stated that he hoped the instances which stand guard over this unfair regulation would be reviewed, where indirect guarantees were seen as valid contracts. Yet without this the 3rd party is non bound and it indicated the demand for legal reform, which occurred in 1999. In add-on action can be taken against the contractor for the actions of the sub-contractor because they employed them to execute the work ; therefore a causal nexus can be created to the direct breaches or negligent breaches of environmental or be aftering jurisprudence. The contracts between contractors and sub-contractors are regulated by the JCT, whereby specific signifiers and information, every bit good as mediation and actions are taken through this organic structure. The formation of this organic structure was to make a cohesive construction for traffics between contractors and sub-contractors. The instances that have been expeditiously been dealt with have included deceit [ 2 ] ; arbitration by an adept [ 3 ] ; contract disputes [ 4 ] ; 3rd party differences [ 5 ] ; environmental issues [ 6 ] ; amendss between the parties and 3rd parties [ 7 ] ; negligence [ 8 ] ; and the inquiring of a nexus between the contributory carelessness between contractors and sub-contractors. [ 9 ] In the instance associating contractor’s liability with sub-contractors it was found that it did non do concern sense to happen both parties liable merely those who had straight contributed to the leaks ( the sub-contractors ) these leaks caused considerable harm to the belongings every bit good as environmental harm. However because the individuals apt for the leak were sub-contractors and non employees therefore the contractor played no direct nexus to the harm caused. This makes really small sense because if the sub-contractors were direct employees so the contractor would be apt ; how different is this for a sub-contractor, because the contractor in world employs them? The undermentioned subdivision is traveling to see some recent developments in environmental jurisprudence, which ensures that all parties involved are someway apt for environmental harm, hence making a possible case in point in associating contractors to the sub-standard work of sub-contractors. However u nder traditional JCT jurisprudence a contractor would non be found apt for defects in a edifice unless physical hurt is evident and merely hold to transport out fixs to a point where the edifice is equal for its intended usage: A builder is non apt in civil wrong for the cost of rectifying defects in a edifice constructed by him if the defects do non present an at hand menace of physical hurt to the edifice s residents and the lone intent of the remedial plant is to render the edifice tantrum for its intended usage[ 10 ]. This seems to be the present tendency in English tribunals, nevertheless to supply a nexus from the liability of a sub-contractor to a contractor may turn out to be a spot excessively far for the English tribunals, particularly if there is no governing from the European tribunals because a batch of the consumer and occupier protection determinations have originated from Europe. However without the opinions coming from Europe there is the possibility that there will merely be enforcement for the sections of planning and the environment against the sub-contractor and non the contractor, which is the antonym for the proprietor of the edifice. The JCT creates comprehensive protection for the contractor, sub-contractor and proprietor of the belongings, but is less equipt to guarantee that all environmental and planning ordinances are adhered to. If there is a breach of planning and environmental ordinances, either by the contractor or sub-contractor the appropriate section has to acquire involved and the assorted countries of jurisprudence for action may do confusion whereby there is inefficient protection for the environment, dwellers and concerns of the community. Therefore this trumpeters that building, planning and environmental jurisprudence is non sufficient in its protection, hence either at that place needs to be a individual bureau covering with contractors and their possible breaches of different countries of jurisprudence. This seems to be the initial ground for the JCT but this seems to be focused on the contractual demands of the sub-contractor and contractor and breaches in the contract. The recent alterations in the JCT that have been made focal point on guaranting that the rights of the sub-contractor and contractor are upheld and there is no confusion in the contracts. This seems to be the focal point of the Major Project Form which outlines the responsibilities of the sub-contractor and contractor whereby: The JCT Major Project Form was launched last twelvemonth and prepared to react to the specific demands of those Employers who have in-house contractual processs and on a regular basis undertake major undertakings, and the Contractors with whom they work.The Sub-Contract reflects the format and attack of the Contract and anticipates that the Sub-Contractor will be likewise experienced in set abouting work on major undertakings and have the direction anvitamin D other resources necessary for the successful executing of this type of work.[ 11 ] The basic principles of contract jurisprudence hold that a contract is a adhering understanding between undertaking persons. The job with contract jurisprudence is when there are 3rd parties that could be affected as this means that perchance the contract is more than the understanding between the catching parties. Traditionally 3rd parties can non action against a contract ; nevertheless in the modern epoch when contracts are going wider this is non needfully the right method. An illustration is in consumer jurisprudence whereby an point is bought as a gift and because the individual having the point is non party to the contract the actions taken was limited. To counter this consumer protection Torahs were brought into drama, but this is non plenty because rental understandings or house gross revenues may besides impact 3rd parties. Therefore reform was necessary, which were cemented in theContracts ( Rights of Third Parties Act 1999 ( CRTPA ). The CRTPA 1999 appears to hold fulfilled the reforms and precautions of protecting involvement 3rd parties. In Section 1 ( 1 ) where purpose of confabulating a contract on a 3rd party is present or a term purports it is valid, which the footing of a indirect guarantee is. In Section 1 ( 2 ) it is held that if there is no original purpose so the contract will non be conferred on the 3rd party. In Section 1 ( 3 ) it is held that if the individual ( s ) is non identified by name, category, or description so no benefit can be conferred ; hence making the demand for there to be express purpose and designation of those 3rd parties that can action on the contract. The usage of the indirect guarantee holds those who have contracted to the edifice work to guarantee the safety and involvements of the 3rd party. This means that the sub-contractor may hold to subscribe a indirect guarantee with the proprietor and all renters, which means they are bound under the CRTPA 1999. It is possible to rea son that with the CRPTA that the collateral guarantee is no longer needed ; nevertheless there needs to a contractual indicant of including the 3rd party, which indicates that the collateral guarantee has merely been strengthened by the CRTPA 1999. Therefore with the JCT, CRPTA and the collateral warranty the 3rd party is protected if involvement is sufficient, which is of import for the liability between groups such as sub-contractor and proprietor of the edifice or builders and renters. Bibliography: J. Beatson, 1998,Anson’s Law of Contract ( 27ThursdayEdition ), Oxford, Oxford University Press Chappell, 2003,Understanding JCT Standard Building Contracts ( 7ThursdayEdition ), Taylor A ; Francis JCT,hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jctltd.co.uk JCT, 2004,The Sub-Contract for usage with the Major Project Form is published for JCT by RIBAE and is now available,hypertext transfer protocol: //www.jctltd.co.uk/stylesheet.asp? file=23032004120803 Lunney A ; Oliphant, 2000,Tort Law: Text A ; Materials, Oxford Uni Press J. Poole, 2000,Casebook on Contract ( 4ThursdayEdition ), London, Blackstone Prosser A ; Keeton, 1999,The jurisprudence of Tort 5ThursdayEdition, West Law Swarb, UK Law online,Construction,www.swarb.co.uk/lisc/construction Teubner G. ,Law as an Autopoietic System, ( 1993, Oxford, Blackwell ) Uff, J, 2002,Construction Law ( 8ThursdayEdition )London, Sweet A ; Maxwell Stephen Weatherill ( 2000 )Cases A ; Materials on EC Law ( 5ThursdayEd ), London, Blackstone Press

Assess Mill's contribution to the philosophical understanding of the Essay

Assess Mill's contribution to the philosophical understanding of the value of individuality - Essay Example Throughout the paper, a detailed discussion will critically evaluate Mill’s contribution to the philosophical understanding to the value of individuality by examining key issues of debate, such as the context of both civil society and civil liberty, the elements of well-being, and an inquiry into social limits or constraints placed over an individual by means of laws and authority figures. In the course of On Liberty, Mill states two principles of demarcation. Although Mill raises serious objections to his first principle that suggests that the â€Å"only legitimate grounds for social coercion is to prevent someone from doing harm to others† (Mill, 1978, xv), he then suggests its defect by illustrating a second principle of demarcation. Although stating objections to his own principles, Mill attempts to allow the reader to appreciate the problem that he is addressing and to participate in his critical inquiry. (Mill, 1978, xvi) The basic subject of his essay remains a philosophical necessity, as it explains the â€Å"nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual†. (Mill, 1978, 1) As Mill remains a figure of direct contribution, his inquiries uncover the struggle between liberty and authority. Specifically, through a historical context, Mill’s contribution finds itself dealing with the earliest an d most familiar area of authority, particularly in that of Greece, Rome, and England. (Mill, 1978, 1) Accordingly, the liberty of an individual associates its meaning as â€Å"the protection against the tyranny of the political rulers.† (Mill, 1978, 1) Mill assesses the idea of society and its ability to execute wrong mandates instead of right, in which he claims it â€Å"practices a social tyranny† because it objects to the formation of any individuality that may form as a result of independent ideas and practices. (Mill, 1978, 1) Mill continues to debate

The Gods Anger Against the Nineveh Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Gods Anger Against the Nineveh - Thesis Example Nahum prophecy reveals more about God than any other book in the bible. He showed the divine attributes and each shows God in a different way. The attributes the prophet is revealing is about God anger on Nineveh. Many writings in the Bible portray God as the gentleman who is kind with twinkling eyes who loves his people and he cannot think of punishing or judging anybody (Harrelson, 1962). Since God anger was not known, it was Nahum who was to reveal it in his prophecies, in his prophecy, the God of Sinai flashes forth in awful fury, in front of God, every human being must tremble and be silent. The God anger was directed towards the city of Nineveh, before, God sends Jonah to that city to preach repentance since God was angry with them. First, Jonah didn’t want to go there because he wanted the city destroyed because of their cruelty towards Israel and Judah, he could have been very satisfied if Nineveh was destroyed. But through God miracles, he was swallowed by a fish and later abandoned in Nineveh, because of that miraculous happening he accepted to preach to the people of Nineveh. When he starts preaching, people in the city repented in sackcloth’s and ashes from the King to the citizen at the lowest level and God withdraw anger and they were forgiven. 100 years later, they went back to the sin. Godsend Nahum to preach to the kingdom of Judah, at the same time Assyrian kingdom invaded Israel led by King Sennacherib, because of this destruction, God moved forward towards protecting his people from destruction by destroying Nineveh kingdom. Nahum chapter 1:2-8 explains God anger towards Nineveh. Nahum described god as a jealous, wrathful, and avenging God. He takes vengeance against its enemies (Donald & John, 2006).