On Theory of Brief History of Translation Essay

Abstract In general, since mankind started translation activities, the study of translation has never ceased. Discussions about translation have become so frequent that various translation theories have been formed gradually in Chinese. In this paper, Habermas’s theory of communicative action reinterpreting the concept of the understanding of translation studies, and Translation to indicate this special form of cross-cultural communication in how to effectively interpret metaphor. Keywords: theory of communicative action; metaphor comprehension; translation 1. Introduction Translation is a metaphor of language as the carrier of the cross-cultural communication activities, but also a language that will carry the message to another language to the inter subjectivity of communicative action. Inter subjectivity of communicative action for the research, after Germany modern philosopher Habermas’s â€Å"theory of communicative action† (Theory of Communication Action) opened the door for people new window. The theory is  swelling in different philosophical ideas and views to choose based on the creation of a complex, multifaceted â€Å"rational alliance system†, it â€Å"understood† as the core language, based on critical theory of the financial community, general pragmatics, social evolution theory as a unified framework. 2. Under the theory of communicative action the concept of translation studies to understand 2. 1 Translation studies in the new way – AC Zhu act theory. Translation Studies from the traditional structural linguistics semantic stage to stage, the development of transmission 90 to the 20th century deconstruction of the stage, after a lengthy process. Semantic translation of the traditional paradigm by the impact of the classical theory of knowledge, that â€Å"man is the soul,† the understanding of the object is totally dependent on the translator’s subjective feelings, emphasizing the translator’s understanding and inspiration, emphasis on â€Å"spirit† and â€Å"Transformation†, had gained the so-called flash in the pan. Because it is too much emphasis on the translator’s initiative to make this cross-cultural communication activities translate into a mystical practice. 80 years of the 20th century, structural linguistics in China set off a new upsurge in Translation Studies. People started to pay attention the text, try to use linguistic analysis methods instead of intuitive feeling that in the complicated hidden behind the words of a universal and regularities, as long as it can control the expression of all, making the translation into a simple mechanical operation, that is, the semantics of a target language are stored in the source language and regulations put a rule in the semantic content of thought into the preparation of. Obviously, such a tool and went to the other extreme – too much emphasis on language as the object of the role of law, then followed by the fierce criticism of the ideological trend. Deconstruction gives people a new way of thinking. It broke structure, deconstruction of the system so that the provisions of one dollar to diversify the situation, the logical name translation from the language of Sri Lanka fetters doctrine, but still it will be translated once again into the irrational, too much publicity consciousness, so that interpretation becomes an infinite delay activity, the understanding and exchanges between people seems to have become impossible. How to overcome this ideology of intolerance, effective language as medium of intercultural communication activities? I believe that the use of Habermas’s theory of communicative action, for the translation of research to find a new way of reason. 2. 2 Translation understands the concept of re-interpretation. A French translator said: â€Å"The translation is to understand and make people understand. † Building understanding is the cornerstone of translation is the first step in the process of translation, not a good understanding of the translation step. When we think the theory of communicative action has opened a new translation of the windows, it is necessary to understand the concept of re-interpretation. Habermas believes that the language as a medium of social interaction, verbal communication to understand each other, or far from effective communication. Communicative action in the language, that language, the analysis can be regulated. Each speech acts and statements have the effect the dual structure. Purposes of section as the main statement, in the communication layer between the main body; and vice statement as part of statement, in the main contents of the table between the layers. Part of the implementation of speech acts in a decisive role, because it limits the relationship between language and the listener, but also the meaning of the Statute of the contents of the statement. The two structures in the speech act are interdependent. Sometimes words that are a part of which may be stressed, but it does not mean denying other part, but it only temporarily relegated to a secondary position. For example, â€Å"my phone battery died,† the phrase, seemed to be merely stating the fact that mobile phone battery is dead, but in fact it implies a variety of behavioral significance; ? because the battery died, so I just did not pick up the phone; ? I must go recharge; ? I will not carry a cell phone and with PHS, the PHS something please call me. This is the hidden part of the implementation of, According to the specific situation; it would serve the purposes of this or that effect. Searle that â€Å"the idea of the original speaker, or intrinsic intentionality is converted to words, statements, signs, symbols, etc. , these words, statements, signs, symbols meaningful to speak out if they have a From the speaker’s thoughts in the derived intentionality. They not only have the traditional linguistic sense, but also with the intention of the speaker’s meaning. â€Å"This is undoubtedly the words of Habermas and similar to the dual structure theory. Accordingly on the significance of understanding is also necessary to double the corresponding division. Understand a word should be divided into two to look at the presentation layer is the known what on the issue, and in the communication layer is the know-how of the problem. Know -what is the statement that those who understand how to reach such a clear knowledge and understanding that it can acquire the knowledge; from the perspective of those who understand, to ask him to be able to understand semantics, syntax, rules, line up the â€Å"words, statements, mark the symbol â€Å"what constitutes the meaning. know how is the statement that those who have the ability to construct or implement the ability of this speech act is an implicit awareness of the rules; from the perspective of those who understand, to ask him who can understand the speech of this implicit awareness of the rules. In this dual understanding, understanding of the content of verbal expression is an understanding (know-what), but to those who truly grasp the inner speech must enter double intentionality level understanding (know-how), that is part of the implementation of the understanding. Therefore, understanding can not be stuck in the form of a priori judgments must be reached in the communication process. to understand the goal is to guide a recognition that â€Å"the sharing of knowledge, trust each other, the two international interdependence consistent with the subjective. â€Å"It not only includes the traditional understanding of linguistic expressions, but also† in connection with each other that the normative discourse related to the correctness of the background, and between the two main some kind of coordination â€Å", and† the two participants in the process of communication is something the world to reach understanding, and the intention to make himself understood each other. † 3. Metaphors Habermas’s theory of communicative action on the construction of translation studies methodology has the macro guidance of translation practice is also instructive significance? View of the Newmark said, â€Å"metaphor translation is a microcosm of all the language translation, because translation to the translation of metaphor methods were showing a wide range of choices: either transfer its meaning, or reshape its image, or a modification of their, or their meaning and image of the perfect combination. â€Å"The following instructions will use the metaphor theory of communicative action in cross-cultural communication The Interpretation of. Metaphor is a phenomenon of language use in the â€Å"Dictionary not found in metaphor. † Metaphor from the modern point of view of science should be in the form of metaphor with the exception, belong to different categories in the semantics, logic dislocation, resulting in a semantic conflict, and when the listeners have responded to the conflict, it generates a metaphorical sense, that is a metaphor to understand the words. For the metaphor of the operating mechanism, it was actually made such a description: â€Å"Metaphor involves two different areas (areas) concept; the production of metaphorical meaning is the result of the interaction between the two concepts. This interaction by mapping the way in the mapping process, belonging to a related concept and structure of the field was transferred to another area, the final after the formation of a new synthesis of conceptual structure, that is, metaphorically. And this mapping and integration process is based on two areas of similarity in some respects. â€Å"This is no doubt that the understanding of the need to double by metaphor. The process of understanding metaphors consist of two parts: the identification and metaphorical meaning metaphors inference. In fact this is a secondary level of understanding into the process of understanding. Give an example of people often referred to â€Å"The tongue is a fire â€Å", from the presentation layer of understanding (an understanding),† tongue â€Å"by the American Heritage Dictionary defines this way:† the fleshy, movable, muscular organ, attached in most vertebrates to the floor of the mouth, that is principal organ of taste, an aid in chewing, and swallowing, and, in human beings,, important organ of speech â€Å". We can say that the tongue is an important organ as the human body, the first and most vertebrates have the same taste and chew and auxiliary swallowing function, in addition to, or who have speech capabilities important language organ. to the basic meaning of the center, tongue behind the formation of the word meaning a large collection: it can mean something shaped like a tongue, such as tongue of flame (flame), guiding tongue (rail-oriented switch rail), switch tong (switch to copper), can also refer to human speech acts and speech capabilities, for example, hold one’s tongue (keep silent), lose one’s tongue (lose the capacity to speak, as from shock). The other key words in the speech act of fire, in the American Heritage Dictionary can be found in the following definition; â€Å"a rapid, persistent chemical change that releases heat and light and is accompanied not flame†.  the same , the meaning behind it can be found in the collection, such as, cooking fire (cooking fire), forest fire (forest fire), wild fire (wildfires), the fire of cannon fire), and other specific forms of the fire. You can also find other meaning, such as the boy is full of fire (which decided the boy is very warm and excited), He was on fire for mismanagement (because of poor management and blamed). When the tongue and the fire both carry the meaning of their huge collection of words is embedded in the basic language of A is B frame (sentence) to go when the logical relationship between the two on the adoption of â€Å"is’, to interact. † Is â€Å"used to denote a equivalents. it literally, or change a point of view, the presentation layer from the listener’s understanding of the term should be reasoning as follows:† the tongue is a fire â€Å". † is â€Å"meaning that the two sets is in some ways equivalent. However, we are both from the above understanding of the meaning of the word of view, they clearly belong to two different categories, among them with a ‘`is† connected, the the equivalent of conventional logic does not work, so from the presentation layer, we can identify this is a metaphor, thus completing the first part of understanding metaphors. When the listener is clear that to use metaphorical language behavior, the expressed will of the true meaning of metaphors to infer, that understanding will enter the second stage of course, understand the purposes of this part of speech acts, understanding â€Å"the original speaker’s thoughts, or inner intention. † Can be assumed that if â€Å"The tongue is a fire† is said to give an artist is accused by the media to listen to, then the speaker or may contain a sympathetic glance report of intention. Artists are always much media attention, due to For various reasons, may be one-sided media, the exaggerated reports of certain facts, and spread such a report will be turned into a stumbling news and rumors, they will more or less to the artist himself or his cause to bring a number of trouble. The context is the equivalent of the tongue and the fire provides a logical possibility: the tongue – the language of human organs – the words of the act – media coverage – people reported adverse reactions (Wei news and rumors) – to the artists themselves or their cause trouble (damage to reputation or hinder the cause of development), the fire – will shine the chemical substances – excessive light and heat of fire, destroying things, or even result in death, so that both the destruction of the found a similar function, logical reasoning tenable. â€Å"The tongue is a fire† means a variety of popular artists and no shortage of opinions and statements in the news or rumors coffee, they may attack their personality, or even because of their presence, the company lifted the employment relationship, or no one would dare ask this artistes. So we have reason to infer that the speaker is the issue of Renyankewei sigh, or cautioned entertainers say and pay attention to their own to avoid capture by the media hype after which her career. At this point, the listener to complete the original speech act of an effective understanding, guiding the listener and the speaker of some sort of recognition. Complete understanding of metaphor, must be made through an understanding (understanding of the content of verbal expression) to reach two to understand (the intrinsic intentionality of the speech understanding of those). In the same language system is the case, between systems in different languages should be so, because only then can an effective cross-cultural exchanges. How should we operate on the self-evident metaphor translation, or the preservation of the source language metaphor, or metaphor replaces the target language, or to have the target language  dominance feasibility, as long as it helps the reader to complete the intention of listening comprehension. 3. 1 Preservation of the source language metaphor. When the Metaphor and figurative language and translation in the source completely or substantially the same language, the metaphor for the body of the source language, target language readers will have to listen to listen to readers of the source language similar to the psychological Lenovo, and complete understanding of similar intent, target language are advised to preserve the source language metaphor. such as: Links to Research (1) He is the only foxes. English fox, fox and Chinese refer to the same animal, when it was used as that person when they contain â€Å"cunning† in Italy, even listen to the reader and writer, said in a different language systems and cultural background, it can effectively understand the implementation of the partial speech act: be careful of this man, he is cunning. Another example: (2) think tank think tank â€Å"Think tank† in the Chinese culture does not exist in, but the â€Å"library† in Chinese culture, store things in the middle, so even though the people in Chinese culture has not been recognized with the â€Å"library† to describe the characteristics of â€Å"thought â€Å"The collection, but this† library â€Å"of knowledge to guide on English culture† think tank ‘, the identity, so â€Å"library† This Vehicle can save down. After all, this cross-cultural communication, we can not underestimate the listen to the reader’s understanding, not to deprive them of their understanding of rights. In the translation process, in order to achieve the purpose of cross-cultural communication, and sometimes need to work to preserve the source language metaphor, that metaphor at the same time preserve the source language to make the appropriate explanation. Such as: (3) What will it be when the increase of yearly production is brought to a complete stop? Here is the vulnerable place, the heel of Achilles, for capitalistic production. (Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844) If the complete cessation of growth in annual production, what the situation is going to do? Like Achilles heel, as this will be the Achilles heel of capitalist production.

Particular population or society Essay

While people consider themselves unique individuals in terms of their personality, habits, opinions, attitudes personal quirks, there are many habits, beliefs and attitudes that are common to most people, especially those living a society. The culmination of language, religious beliefs, music, food preference, works habits, etc. of a particular population or society is known as its culture (Ember and Ember, 1993, p. 6). Culture is unique for every society or social group that sometimes what some would consider taboo like eating dog meat is actually part of another society’s customs. In theory, everyone should be open to other society’s culture but in reality, that does not happen often. An individual who gauges others culture is said to be an ethnocentric (p. 159). The attitude is termed ethnocentrism . This denotes that the person has difficulty criticizing his/ her own customs and traditions precisely because his/her vision is limited to his/her owns. Ethnocentrism does not only affect the individual’s view on other persons but influences the society as well. Watching a foreign film is one way to measure if one is open to other cultural experiences. I Not Stupid is a Singaporean film tackling the intertwined lives of three primary school classmates: Terry, Kok Pin and Boon Hock (Leong, Yin and Neo, 2002). It offers a glimpse of many facets of Singaporean culture: the education system that looks down on students in the bottom (the three are in EM3, which ranks lowest), the Chinese self-loathing (in a class, one character says she wants to be Caucasian when she grows up so she does not have to speak Chinese), the high regard for English (one mother speaks English to her children, another one stresses that in order to succeed in Singapore, one must be a master at English and Math), and Caucasian (a Caucasian was hired as director even though it was clearly evident that the local staff are more knowledgeable, equipped and deserving of the position; there is even a scene when the Singaporean boss approves the Caucasian’s concept even though it was the same concept presented by the locals, which he vehemently rejected), and the over obedience Singaporeans are known for (2002). The Singaporeans’ affair with Ba gua, or Chinese Pork Barbecue as well as their reliance on gods and goddesses to grant their favors is also shown in the film. Such rituals, as evinced in the film, may be common in Singapore but a North American, especially an ethnocentric, may find it peculiar or even distasteful. It must also be stressed that Singapore has a close relation with China so some of China’s cultural beliefs and customs are integrated into Singapore. The film is sprinkled in Chinese, English and Singlish, short for Singaporean English. Colonial mentality may be picked up from the film, judging the characters’ high regard for Westerners. The existence of Singlish is also a sign that Singaporeans, albeit already successful and one of the most economically driven countries in Asia, still feel the need to level on some ways with the Western countries, which this writer finds interesting. Imagine, in North America, there are students eager to learn other languages while in Singapore and other countries where there are other main languages aside from English, they already have the advantage of learning another language easily. Again, this is ethnocentrism at work. Another glaring cultural element that is shown in the film is Singaporean’s deference to power. Terry, one of the main characters, cannot stands on his own and always follows his mother. This is supposedly a jibe at Singaporeans’ compliant nature. If a similar event happened in North American, the kid is likely to fight back. But then again, this is Singapore and as said by one character, â€Å"It is difficult to catch fish in Singapore, because fish in Singapore are like Singaporeans, they’ll never open their mouths† (Leong, Yin and Neo, 2002). Ethnocentric thinking causes people to misunderstand other society’s culture and at the same it keeps them for understanding their own. The film I not Stupid is a satirical comedy carping on some of the country’s modern culture. Perhaps the producers are also ethnocentric but regardless of it, the film provides a peek at Singapore’s norms and values, which in essence is simply the country’s way of life. References Ember, C. and Ember, M. (1993). Anthropology 7th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Leong, D. and Yin, C. P. (Producers), and Neo, J. (Director). (2002). I not stupid [VCD]. Singapore: United International Pictures.

Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Case Study - Research Paper Example County, Western Walsh County, Grand Forks, Pembina, Cass County and Williams among the counties and areas that have already received flood warnings from National Weather Service in 2010 (NWS Report, 2010). Indeed, the â€Å"heavy winter snowstorms in 1997 led to massive spring flooding along the Red River thereby resulting in migration and displacement of more than ten per cent (10%) citizens† in North Dakota. This not only hampered the economic growth because of a sudden seize in business activities but also disrupted the society at large. It is worthwhile to mention that the financial burden had to be absorbed by US government, which initiated the move to ensure settlement of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in North Dakota with the assistance of International welfare agencies, Non-governmental and Inter governmental organizations. Some of the examples of flood related agencies include Red Cross, The Salvation Army, FEMA, North Dakota Department of Emergency Services, National Weather Service and others etc (Edward, 2000). It must be highlighted that North Dakota has already observed severe storms and flooding in March 2009 followed by recent flooding in March and April 2010 that in turn have increased vulnerability of residents of this state. In fact, residents of affected counties and areas are left with no other option but to migrate to safer places. This paper is an attempt to highlight the impact of natural disasters specifically on Cass County of North Dakota state. The paper will then throw light over the argument that vulnerability seems to be decreasing in Cass County because the experts have measured risk of only 1.4 out 10 in this particular area. In addition, the paper will also discuss any possible economic effects of flooding on Cass County and draw conclusions after analyzing the latest available information and facts. Finally, the paper will end up with a prediction about Cass County’s vulnerability and its future that will be supported by

Literature is an exercise in trying to understand the human condition Essay

Literature is an exercise in trying to understand the human condition - Essay Example It is hoped that an analysis of the two novels through the feminist lens would lead to a better understanding of broader humanity. It is not an exaggeration to say that Salman Rushdie revolutionized the art of fiction with his breakthrough work Midnight’s Children. As the role and viability of literature as a medium of education and entertainment came to be questioned during the 1980s, Midnight’s Children sprung like a fountain of elixir and brought freshness and vitality to English Literature. Hence Rushdie could rightly be regarded as an eminent postmodern and postcolonial master of words. This essay will be dealing with two of his lesser acclaimed works – The Enchantress of Florence and The Ground Beneath Her Feet – and make observations on the treatment of gender. The two books are particularly suitable to gender study for they feature strong, bold, ebullient and beautiful female characters. The very title The Ground Beneath Her Feet stands in tribute to the woman being loved. The phrase represents the feelings of adoration and sanctity that the narrator feels toward the woman he loves. In this case, Vina Apsara is the object of love and Umeed ‘Rai’ Merchant is the narrator, although the latter’s love would prove futile in the face of Ormus Cama’s (the protagonist) charm and talent. Only a writer who’s in love with the character could take it to great heights of self-expression. This is amply evident in the elaborate manner in which Rushdie sketches Vina’s character through the course of the novel. Not only is she musically gifted, she has traversed several continents and overcome arduous circumstances on the way to super stardom. During her formative years, her journeys between America, India and Europe were full of threats and disasters. Yet, through some hidden mechanism of nature and unaccounted fortitude she marches on in life to fulfill her artistic destiny. The strength in Vina†™s womanhood is borne by the manner in which she withstood the series of misfortunes visiting her life. When she was a child, Vina only nearly escaped abandonment by her biological father. Though she was fortunate to evade the maddening murder spree of her mother, the loss of her siblings is a real tragedy. Although an element of divine plan is implicit in such a life course, the derivation of strength from inner resources is also present. (Mishra, 1999, p.42) To understand the feminism of Vina Apsara, one has to look at the traits of her eventual replacement, Mira. This younger, steadier avatar of Vina proves to be quite the opposite of her predecessor. In Vina’s case, the chief antagonist is herself, as her tendency to blow up all of a sudden has led to many troubles. The iconic Vina is someone who collapsed under her own weight – further burdened by â€Å"her own unattainable, constantly transforming image†. In contrast, we have Mira, who represents an â₠¬Å"â€Å"ordinary human love beneath one's feet† (575), that is, the kind of stability and wherewithal that can ensure longevity without the sensationalist, self-destructive trappings of Vina Apsara's radicalism†. (Pirbhai, 2001, p.54) In this regard, Mira’s feminism is not in any way deficient than that of Vina’s, only more powerful. The word Mira could be construed as a pun on â€Å"

International Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

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Discussion Board Emergency Nursing - 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Meal evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Meal evaluation - Essay Example It is generally originates from a plant or animal and contains essential nutrients such as fats, proteins, vitamins carbohydrates, or minerals. It can simply be said as the substance that is ingested by an organism or assimilated by the organism's cells in the effort to maintain life, produce energy, and/or stimulate growth. Human body runs on the food and a balanced mixture of many other foods that enables a smooth running of the body. It is very important to eat healthy foods as it helps improve body functions, body growth, and provides protection from sickness. Everyone, from any age, child to an adult, needs healthy eating habit for better and longer life. Though, most people are usually aware of the importance of healthy eating, yet only a few tend to follow such. Almost many tend to realize the importance of these only when they fall sick. The Importance of Healthy eating Nutrients from the food provide the cells with the fuels to run the body. A human body lacking proper nutri ents is vulnerable to disease more causing viruses and bacteria’s. The energy required for the performance of body functions, both mental and physical, can come from the fat already preserve in the body. The imbalance that is caused by disrupted fat level in body can either just lead to obesity or even malnutrition, both of which is more or like dangerous for the body. A human body suffering from such has a high chance of attracting many diseases such as cancer, diabetes, heart dysfunction, osteoporosis and many others. Therefore, it’s important to eat healthy and Amazon restaurant takes care of such, inclusive in its venue are foods with healthy ingredients. Examples of Healthy Dishes served at Amazon Restaurant Few of the healthy dishes include (Exotic Menu in Amazon Restaurant) 1. Arroz com lentilha (healthy ingredients include boiled rice, butter onions etc) 2. Rizoto de Frango (healthy ingredients include olives, chicken, cheese, peas, corn, herbs etc) 3. Carioca Beans (healthy ingredients include red beans, cassava flour, bacon, parsley served with boiled rice) Health Issues these days (actual examples) Health Issues Health issues are caused by eating food or of drinking beverages that are contaminated with bacteria, parasites, or viruses. Such harmful chemicals can cause food borne illnesses if such have contaminated food during the harvesting or it’s processing. Food borne illnesses have symptoms that range from upset stomach to the more serious symptoms, including fever, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, including dehydration. (Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases) In the United Kingdom year 2000 the individual bacteria involved there were as follows: Salmonella20. 9% , Campylobacter jejuni 77.3 % Escherichia coli O157:H7 1.4%, and all the others less than 0.1% (Food Standards Agency) Food safety is the increasingly grave public health issue. Governments just all over the world are deepening their efforts to promote health and food safety. In the UK serious outbreaks of food borne illness since year 1970s prompted key changes in UK food safety law. These efforts are just in response to the ever increasing food safety problems and rising consumer concerns. Actual Examples: 1. The global incidence of food borne disease is very difficult to quantify, but in 2005 alone 1.8 million people died from diarrheal diseases. A greater proportion of such can be attributed to the contamination of food and the

Creative writing proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative writing proposal - Essay Example Due to Sancho’s desire to become wealthy, he has blatantly agreed to accompany me. So we ride the roads of Spain in search of glory and grand adventure and I have given up food, shelter, and comfort, to a peasant woman, Dulcinea del Toboso, whom I envision as a princess. My inner desire to become a hero drives me out of my way and that is why I have easily gives up all most of my wealth to the wicked in the society. He however seems not convinced at all that we were still headed in the same direction as we had set off our journey. I have given up on a number of my ideals though I am not ready to admit it. I have to leave a young boy with an evil farmer because he has sworn an oath with me that he will not harm the innocent boy. That sounds convincing enough as I do not want to harm any anyone. I have just witnessed the death of a student who has died due to his love for a disdainful lady that turned into a shepherdess. I have managed to rescue a slave known as Gines de Pasamonte as well as uniting two couples who had initially separated. Cardenio and Lucinda, and Ferdinand and Dorothea had no serious cause to separate and I find it easy to bring them back together due to my great convincing ability. I have thus achieved number of my inner desires though I still yearn for more. People have begun to perceive me as a savior of mankind and that brings a lot of joy to me. Sancho informs me that an evil enchanter has transformed Dulcinea into a peasant girl and I am deeply moved by the news. Undoing the enchantment becomes my next big goal that has to be achieved in the next few hours. However, I fail to achieve it as soon as I realize that it had been a lie. I meet the Duke and the Duchess who decided to play a trick on me and marks the end of my conquest as I come to the realization that it had all been a dream not a

An Early Marriage Essay Example for Free

An Early Marriage Essay An early marriage, is an issue where argued by many now a days. Some people are advocated for early marriage because it is healthy. Prophet Mohammed said that it is better to marry early, but if you can’t then you should fast instead if you still can’t control your desire. I believe that early marriage had a lot of advantages. But people would argue that younger married couples are not matured enough to take the responsibilities. But this is not a big issue to argue for, since a most succeeded marriages in the past 10 years are a younger married which lasted longer. Personally, any person should have a step to marry early. People says , married earlier is the best way to destroy your life in such a young age besides drugs. Young people are not ready for responsibilities. They have not done any thing important in their life. But , I believe if people waited until they were older to marry theyd be a lot more careful about selecting a mate. That would be a terrible blow to the divorce industry. Although divorces didnt depend on the age of the couples. It depends on how they faced and solved their problems. Moreover, I would say that it would be nice to have your children younger, and will be able to join them in many things, be closer to understanding their generational viewpoints, fashion, trends, etc. When your children have your grandchildren, you will be young grandparents able to enjoy your grandchildren, do more things with them, live longer to see them prosper as well. The nice thing is that once your children leave home, you will be still young enough and most likely healthy enough to do more things such as travel, or physical activity. Others says , that many females refuse to live with in lows , so as a consequences males most ready to assist their own financial situations first before they getting married, which may cause to delay marriage . Well, it is all about whether they want to get married and your partner is supportive or not. It is about maturity levels, how much they care for each other and how much they want the marriage to work. You have those marriages which do turn out to work. These marriages seem to work because the couple has worked things out and have thought out every way possible to keep this marriage going and will work out the problems that come their way. If the couple is prepared, most likely the marriage will continue to go strong it both spouses take an equal part of the marriage and work it out.

High School Dropout Rates Essay Example for Free

High School Dropout Rates Essay High School dropout is referred to student quitting high school prematurely or before graduation. Many reasons and factors are responsible for dropping out of school. Dropping out of school may be a singular reason of the child or a logical agreement between the child and the parent. Some reasons are due to intention to go find work, avoidance of bullying, depression from poor grades, and unplanned pregnancy at school. Most students find the easy way out of a monotony of life in getting themselves out of the normal routine, in a way this is a behavioral disorder. In lieu of psychologist argument, dropping out is the withdrawal from pulling out from a social institution most especially for the reason of â€Å"disillusion and development of apathy to the conventional values in such institution. Dropout Rate With the graduation rate of about 71%, number of dropout constitutes one of the factors for the non-graduating 29%. The rate of high school dropout is silently becoming an epidemic. Commonly, students’ age category is within the range of 16-24 years. According to the United State Department of Education, though the overall rate of dropout seems to be on a downward trend since 1960 till date, it is important to note however, that there exists a sharp uneven distribution in the record across regions, race and gender. For example, Hispanics high school dropout is put at 41 per cent of the existing figure of 9.  3% for both male and female since 2006. And it is worthy of note that this population sums about 17% of the entire population of youth in the stated age bracket. Male population makes up about 60% of dropout rate. Rate of dropout among Non- English speaking youth is higher than the English speaking youth, researched by Cardenas (Jay P. Greene 2002). Students from poor home with poor standard of living are economically disadvantaged constituting the major group among the incidence of dropouts in United States. The trend for Hispanics dropout rate is increasing yearly. The National Centre for Education Statistics submitted that Hispanics dropout rate doubles what is obtainable in about a decade ago. With the current progression and increased immigration, the Hispanics are expected to top the populous minority list in the United State totally about 21% from the present 17%. This will definitely deposit a significant increase in the growth of high school dropout for the youth age by the end of next year. Economic Importance of High School Dropout The worry about the incidence of dropout is the future implication of decreased human potentials to function productively in the growing complex world. Human technological advancement, compliance with ICT revolution, and human capacity empowerment all have their foundational preparatory ground from students leaving high school. It is crucial age in ones development that should not be corrupted with dropout. High school diploma in a way contributes to higher income and improved economic status. Moreover, their involvement in crime is a major menace posed to the society. In addition, they depend longer on State’s support whereas such support could have been invested into another productive arm of the economy. In conclusion, it is a collective issue; the society is yet to completely wipe out incidence of high school dropout. The failure to do so is endangering the future of the economy with unqualified generations of poorly educated ones. The need to safeguard the looming silent epidemic is here. Let us safe our tomorrow and say no to high school dropout.

Hemochromatosis Iron Deficiency in Blood Content

Hemochromatosis Iron Deficiency in Blood Content Hemochromatosis (HCC) is disease caused by increased Iron content in the body. People suffering from HCC absorb increased levels of iron from diet. Body has particular difficulty in removing extra iron. Therefore, over period of time iron build up in organs such as heart, liver, pancreas, joints and pituitary gland. Extra iron in organs causes different diseases, and untreated hemochromatosis can be fatal. Iron is nutrient found in many foods. Its primary function is to carry oxygen through hemoglobin to all parts of the body. Normal human body absorbs 10% of the iron for the food in daily diet. However, people with HCC can absorb four times the amount. Since the body cannot excrete the iron, the metal can reach toxic levels in tissues of major organs. Therefore, undiagnosed and untreated HCC dramatically increases the risk for diseases and conditions such as: diabetes mellitus, irregular heartbeat, arthritis, cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer, depression, impotence, infertility, hypothyroidism, hypogonadism, and cancers. Untreated levels on iron also causes neurodegenerative diseases: epilepsy, Huntingtons disease and multiple sclerosis. The condition can be divided by type influenced by age of onset and by genetic factors. Type -1occurs frequently along with type 4 also referred as ferroportin disease. Men with type 1or type 4 HCC typically develop symptoms between the ages of 40 and 60, whereas the women develop symptoms after menopause. Type 2 is juvenile-onset disorder. Iron builds up in early development but symptoms usually appear in childhood. By the age 20, decreased secretion of sex hormone is prevalent. Females start menstruation in a normal manner, but cycles stop after a few years. Males experience delayed puberty or sex hormone deficiency symptoms such as impotence. If the disorder is untreated, heart disease is evident by the age of 30. Type 3 hemochromatosis is usually intermediate between types 1 and 2. Symptoms usually begin before age 30. Sometimes iron overload begins before birth and theses cases are called neonatal hemochromatosis. This type is characterized by liver damage that is apparent at bi rth or in the first day of life.Symptoms Although, symptoms may occur early in life, first signs of the hereditary hemochromatosis usually appear in midlife between ages of 30 and 50. Hereditary HCC may cause a variety of symptoms such as: fatigue, abdominal pain and impotence, but the most common complaint is joint pain. On the other hand, some people never experience symptoms. Women are more likely to have symptoms after menopause, when they no longer lose iron with menstruation and pregnancy. Early-stage signs and symptoms- of hereditary hemochromatosis typically resemble those of many other common conditions: arthritis in hands, chronic fatigue, loss of sex drive or impotence, abdominal pain, high blood sugar levels, low thyroid function, abnormal liver function tests. Advanced- stage signs and symptoms- of hereditary hemochromatsis develop serious conditions: cirrhosis- marked by irreversible scarring of the liver, liver failure, liver cancer, diabetes, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia, discolored skin thats bronze or gray in appearance. People at highest risk are people of 25 years of age and the ones that have an immediate family who has hemochrmatosis . Genes related to Hemochoromatsis Mutations in HAMP, HFE, HFE2, SLC40A1 and TFR2 genes causes hemochromatosis. These genes play an important role in regulating the absorption, transport, and storage of iron. Mutation in these genes impair the control of iron absorption during digestion and alter the distribution of iron to other parts of the body. As a result, iron accumulates in tissues and organ. Each type of HCC is caused by mutations in specific genes. Type 1 is caused by mutations in the HFE gene, and type 2 is caused by HFE2 or HAMP gene. Type 3 is caused by TFR2, whereas type 4 is caused by SLC40A1 gene. The cause of neonatal hemochromatosis is unknown. All three types of hemochromatosis are inherited autosomal recessive diseases, which means double copies of the gene have mutations. Parents of an individual usually carries one copy of mutated gene, but do not show any signs or symptoms of the condition. However, type 4 hemochromtosis has gene in cell that is able to cause the disorder. Usually, person that is affected has parent with same condition. Risk factors People at most risk are the one that carry two copies of HFE gene. This is the greatest risk factor for hereditary hemochromatosis. Second, is the family history. If the person have any family member with HCC it is more likely to get it. Third, ethnicity plays important role as well. People of Northern European decent British, Dutch, German, and French have increased probability of hereditary HCC then other ethnic backgrounds. Fourth, being a man increases chances of developing HCC especially at earlier age. Complications Cirrhosis Liver is prone to injury by long term iron overload. It is defined as permanent scarring of the liver that can lead to serious bleeding from dilated veins in esophagus and stomach and severe fluid retention in abdomen. Also toxins that accumulate in the blood can affect mental functioning, leading to confusion and coma. Cirrhosis can be caused from alcohol abuse and hepatitis. Liver cancer a person with cirrhosis and hereditary HCC is at high risk for liver cancer. Diabetes is disease that affects the way body uses glucose. It is considered to be a leading cause of adult blindness that also plays major role in serious health problems like kidney failure and cardiovascular disease. Congestive heart failure is a life threatening condition that occurs when excess iron in heart interferes with its ability to circulate enough blood to meet bodys needs. Untreated congestive heart failure can be fatal, but the condition can be corrected when HCC is treated and excess iron stores are reduced. Abnormal heart rhythms can cause chest pain and lightheadedness. In some instances it can be fatal, and like congestive heart failure it can be reversed with treatment. Pigment changes deposits of iron on the skin cells can turn skin bronze or gray color. Diagnosis Genetic hemochromatosis can be difficult to detect. Early symptoms such as stiff joints and fatigue can result from a number of conditions that are more common than HCC. Iron overload can be detected with two blood tests: Serum transferring saturation test that measures the amount of iron bound to a protein that carries iron in the blood. Transferrin saturation values greater than 45% are considered too high. Serum ferritin test measures the iron in the body. Doctors usually go for serum ferritin test after serum transferring saturation test came high. Many infections and inflammatory conditions other then hereditary HCC can cause elevated feritin, both of these tests are needed to diagnose the disorder. These tests are not part of medical testing. Public Health officials recommend these test if the person is experiencing joint disease, severe fatigue, heart disease, elevated liver enzymes, impotance, and diabetes. Genetic testing discovery of the HCC gene made genetic testing possible. Some doctors advocate universal screening for HFE gene mutation. They believe that HCC is condition that can cause serious complications when its not treated. Liver biopsy In the procedure , a sample of tissue from your liver, using a needle, is removed. The sample is send to the laboratory where the presence of iron as well as liver damage, cirrhosis is observed. Risks of biopsy include bruising, and bleeding. Treatment Blood removal- hemochromatosis is safely and effectively treated by removing blood on a regular basis. The main goal is to reduce iron. The amount of blood drawn depends on age, and overall health.

Beowulf as a Pacifist Poem :: Social Phenomena Literature Art Essays

Beowulf as a Pacifist Poem Social phenomena have always been narrated by artists. Art is a cathartic way to express one’s negative feelings; poems help poets and their readers or listeners to deal with people's frustrations. War, man's tendency to wage aggression upon each other, is the most criticized issue among intellectuals in the society. An artist's opinions, especially when conflicting with the established social norm of the dominant society, may be disguised and hidden beneath metaphors and complex analogies. Beowulf, a pacifist poem, was written as an expression of frustrations with the wars that constantly occurred during the Anglo-Saxon period. It illustrates, in a cynical, grim light, how people futily die in battle, represented by the speech of a messenger and by Hildeburh’s story. Beowulf also describes cowardly soldiers and a deceitful world that collaborate to invalidate the naive ideals of war. Every war has its reasons, but it is not necessarily right to go into one. Wars have not solved many conflicts nor did they teach anyone anything about pride, country, or loyalty. In Beowulf, Wiglaf’s speech to the warriors after Beowulf’s death, criticizing them for not going out and fighting the dragon after all the treasures that they received from Beowulf, portrays the inefficacy of war and therefore, that of the warriors themselves: Yes, he who will speak the truth may say that the liege lord who gave you treasure, the war-gear you stand in there, when he used often to hand out to hall-sitters on the mead-benches, a prince to his thanes, helmets and war-shirts such as he could find mightiest anywhere, both far and near – that he quite threw away the war-gear, to his distress when war came upon him. (Howe 48) This quotation realistically depicts the instability of people, therefore the instability of war. Beowulf’s warriors don’t follow comitatus, an Anglo-Saxon term that describes a lord-warrior relationship as loyalty for protection. The lord gives treasures and all the amenities to the warriors to ensure that he is going to have loyal warriors to protect his kingdom when wars come. Beowulf pays his warriors treasures to assure his protection, and they still leave and run into the woods. The very fact that they must be bribed to defend Beowulf at all serves to effectively underscore their loyalty. The author of Beowulf uses this episode to paint a picture of deceit, hate, and fear that describes people involved in wars.

The Role of Religion in Italian, Greek, and Turkish Politics Essay exam

The Role of Religion in Italian, Greek, and Turkish Politics Problems with format Italy ?Prior to the mid-20th century, Catholicism was Italy's state religion; however, a new Constitution in 1947 changed this (2).? Article 7 of this Italian Constitution declares that the "State and Catholic Church are, each within their own reign, independent and sovereign" (9).? Articles 8 and 19 later provide freedom of religion for all Italian citizens (9).? However, most Italians continue to align themselves with the Catholic Church, as an estimated 85 percent are nominally Roman Catholic (2).? The country's second largest religion has just recently become Muslim with an estimated 700,000 people aligning themselves with this religion (2).? Other major religions recognized in Italy include Jehovah's Witnesses, Buddhists, Scientologists, Waldensians, Church of the Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, and small numbers of Jewish and Protestant communities (2).? ?Although there is a distinct separation of church and state in the Italian Government, the lines are slightly more blurred than they are in the United States.? The Catholic Church is still indirectly involved in Italian politics.? Pope John Paul II and the Vatican's presence are felt throughout the entire nation.? For example, when the European Union was trying to create a constitution in 2002, the nations struggled with whether or not God and religion should be included in the draft.? The pope addressed the Italian Parliament for the first time in history.? In his 45-minute speech, he encouraged the legislature "to make sure that the expansion of the European Union did no diminish the role and importance of Christianity on the Continent."? He also said, "Italy's social... .../law/icl/gr00t_.html. 9. http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/it00000_.html. 10. http://www,tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/constitution.htm. 11. Masci, David.? "Can democracy flourish in strict Islamic states?"? CQ Researcher.? 24 March 2000. 12. "Minus a minaret."? The Economist.? 22 November, 2003.? 13. Morris, Chris.? "Turkey high court keeps religion at arms length on Friday, the Turkish High court banned the Islamist-led Virtue Party for allegedly encouraging Radical Islam."? Christian Science Monitor.? 25 June 2001. 14. Narili, Nilufer.? "The rise of the Islamist movement in Turkey."? Middle East Review Of International Affairs.? September 1999. http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/1999/issue3/ju3n3a4.html. 15.Williams, Daniel.? "Italian Judge Bans Crucifix from School; Anger greets order in Muslims case."? Washington Post.? 27 October 2003. The Role of Religion in Italian, Greek, and Turkish Politics Essay exam The Role of Religion in Italian, Greek, and Turkish Politics Problems with format Italy ?Prior to the mid-20th century, Catholicism was Italy's state religion; however, a new Constitution in 1947 changed this (2).? Article 7 of this Italian Constitution declares that the "State and Catholic Church are, each within their own reign, independent and sovereign" (9).? Articles 8 and 19 later provide freedom of religion for all Italian citizens (9).? However, most Italians continue to align themselves with the Catholic Church, as an estimated 85 percent are nominally Roman Catholic (2).? The country's second largest religion has just recently become Muslim with an estimated 700,000 people aligning themselves with this religion (2).? Other major religions recognized in Italy include Jehovah's Witnesses, Buddhists, Scientologists, Waldensians, Church of the Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, and small numbers of Jewish and Protestant communities (2).? ?Although there is a distinct separation of church and state in the Italian Government, the lines are slightly more blurred than they are in the United States.? The Catholic Church is still indirectly involved in Italian politics.? Pope John Paul II and the Vatican's presence are felt throughout the entire nation.? For example, when the European Union was trying to create a constitution in 2002, the nations struggled with whether or not God and religion should be included in the draft.? The pope addressed the Italian Parliament for the first time in history.? In his 45-minute speech, he encouraged the legislature "to make sure that the expansion of the European Union did no diminish the role and importance of Christianity on the Continent."? He also said, "Italy's social... .../law/icl/gr00t_.html. 9. http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/it00000_.html. 10. http://www,tbmm.gov.tr/anayasa/constitution.htm. 11. Masci, David.? "Can democracy flourish in strict Islamic states?"? CQ Researcher.? 24 March 2000. 12. "Minus a minaret."? The Economist.? 22 November, 2003.? 13. Morris, Chris.? "Turkey high court keeps religion at arms length on Friday, the Turkish High court banned the Islamist-led Virtue Party for allegedly encouraging Radical Islam."? Christian Science Monitor.? 25 June 2001. 14. Narili, Nilufer.? "The rise of the Islamist movement in Turkey."? Middle East Review Of International Affairs.? September 1999. http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/1999/issue3/ju3n3a4.html. 15.Williams, Daniel.? "Italian Judge Bans Crucifix from School; Anger greets order in Muslims case."? Washington Post.? 27 October 2003.

Gwen Harwood Essay Essay

Opportunities for an individual to develop understanding of themselves stem from the experiences attained on their journey through life. The elements which contribute to life are explored throughout Gwen Harwood’s poems, At Mornington and Mother Who Gave Me Life, where the recollection of various events are presented as influences on the individual’s perception of the continuity of life. Both poems examine the connections between people and death in relation to personal connections with the persona’s father or mother. By encompassing aspects of human nature and life’s journey, Harwood addresses memories and relationships which contribute to one’s awareness of life. Memories and meandering thoughts, related to personal experiences, are explored throughout At Mornington where the persona shifts between the past and present and dreams and reality. This is similar to Father and Child where Barn Owl is set in past test and Nightfall is set in the present, symbolic of appreciation and understanding of the complexities of life which the child learns. At Mornington opens with an evocation of an event from the persona’s childhood which establishes the temporary and ever changing nature of human life. Reflected through the shifts between past and present tense, the persona is attempting to use past experiences in order to appreciate the present and accept the future. The poem provides a reflective and personal point of view accompanied by the recurring motif of water which symbolises the persona’s transition from childhood to the acceptance of the inevitability of death. In the third stanza, the persona refers to a more recent past where she had seen pumpkins growing on a trellis in her friend’s garden. The action of the pumpkins is described as â€Å"a parable of myself† which allows the persona to reflect on the meaning and quality of her own life and existence. The metaphor between the pumpkin vine and the persona suggests that like the pumpkin, human life also ripens and matures before coming to a closure and returning to the earth. Supported by the phrase â€Å"candlelight for eyesight,† the reader is made aware of the transience of life that the persona has grown to accept and understand. In Father and Child, as the persona moves on from childhood, her father becomes elderly and is entertained by simple things in nature, â€Å"birds, flowers, shivery-grass. † These symbols of nature remind the persona of the inconsistency of life and the certainty of death, â€Å"sunset exalts its known symbols of transience,† where sunset represents time. Both poems are indicative of the impermanence of life and that the persona has managed to mature and grow beyond the initial fearlessness of childhood moving onto a sophisticated understanding of death. The connection between life and death is expressed in a different way through Mother Who Gave Me Life, a poem of mourning for the dead. The poem can be seen as a personal farewell to the persona’s mother where the dominant images of the poem show evolution and the passing of time. Father and Child also demonstrates the passing of time as the persona moves from the innocence of childhood to the sadness of her father’s advancing age and inevitable passing. In Mother Who Gave Me Life, the reference to Halley’s Comet, which appears only once every seventy-six years, tells the reader that the mother was unable to see it once more before surrendering to death. The direct speech of the Sister is reported without the use of quotation marks as in, â€Å"When she died she was folding a little towel. † This provides readers with the knowledge that the mother addressed in the poem is dead. Without quotation marks, the flow of the poem is maintained and is therefore more easily absorbed into the texture of the poem. The parallel image of the â€Å"fabric of marvels† being reduced to the â€Å"little towel† raises the notion that whilst death may have brought a physical end to the persona’s mother’s life she remains a marvel of creation as the persona’s memories of her live on. The poem ends with the ‘fine linen’ recalling the memories of a typical childhood scene where the persona’s mother is calling for her to have dinner â€Å"as darkness falls on my father’s house. † This biblical reference to the House of the Lord, combined with the coming of darkness, reminds the reader of the inevitable ending of life and the respective movement into heaven. As the second section of Father and Child draws to a close, it is evident that the persona has grown to understand that she has limited time left with her father. The significance of Nightfall as the title of the second section, when considering the daybreak setting of Barn Owl, reinforces this. Sunrise symbolises youth whilst nightfall, in comparison, suggests an ending which implies death, a concept that the adult persona is beginning to acknowledge it as part of life. A particular instance in life can conjure different memories of the past as in At Mornington where the persona is drawn into recollections of childhood experiences with her father while standing by the graveside of her friend’s parents. A positive image of the father and child relationship is conveyed throughout the poem as in, â€Å"secure in my father’s arms. † This image conveys safety, comfort and protection which assists the persona in moving on and accepting the cycle of life. It is the security which stems from this relationship that enables the persona to mature from the perceptions and thoughts maintained as a child. Insight into the relationship between the persona, as both child and adult, with her father is also demonstrated in Father and Child. The dominance of the father is suggested through his imperative tone, â€Å"End what you have begun. † Despite the power-play in their relationship, there is still a sense of closeness, â€Å"I leaned my head upon my father’s arms. † This connection has enabled the persona to mature and grow through experiences. This personal relationship is also evident in Mother Who Gave Me Life where the imagery of light shows the persona realises the importance of her mother as she walks â€Å"in the light of the living. † This suggests that the persona is able to walk amongst the living due to her mother. The affirming experiences and enlightenment provided by this relationship enables the persona to see the life-giving role of women as part of the cycle of life. All the poems comment on an individual’s relationship with their mother or father which is essential in maturing and evolving as an individual. The relationships conveyed enable the persona to gain an understanding of life whilst considering its value and accepting its cycle. Ultimately, the exploration of memory and relationships with the persona and their father or mother enables an individual to comprehend human nature and the links between life and death. Throughout the poems At Mornington and Mother Who Gave Me Life, Harwood shows the reader, through memories and comparisons, different aspects of life which contribute to what it means to be human.

Banquet Scene

Context of the scene: A banquet has been set. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth enter as King and Queen of Scotland, followed by their court – amongst the noblemen in attendance are Sir Ross and Sir Lennox. As Macbeth walks among the company, the first murderer appears at the doorway. Macbeth speaks to him for a moment, learning that Banquo is dead, but Fleance has escaped. This scene, commonly known as the Banquet Scene, is quite an important scene in the play because it’s a turning point in Macbeth’s life. Indeed, this is simultaneously the high point of Macbeth’s reign and the beginning of his downfall.In a first part, we’ll explore the duality of Macbeth’s character, and show how full of oppositions this scene is. And in a second part, we’ll see how this slowly becomes the beginning of the end for Macbeth. 1. Duality & Opposition This scene depicts a clear picture of Macbeth’s confusing state of mind. We indeed get a lot of diffe rent reactions from him throughout this scene, reactions that are just as sudden as they are opposite. First of all, the arrival of the courtiers and the murderers almost simultaneously shows clearly the duality of Macbeth as King and criminal.It is as if these two sides of him are present in the same room, personified by the noblemen and the murderer. At first, Macbeth is pleased with the news he just received and the murderer, praising him and telling him he is â€Å"the best,† â€Å"the nonpareil† (without equal); moreover, Macbeth's own supposed invincibility is shown: â€Å"I had else been perfect;/ Whole as the marble, founded as the rock,/ As broad and general, as the casing air†. He is the King and he clearly feels like nothing and nobody can stop him anymore. He feels powerful.But on hearing the unwelcome news that Fleance has escaped his treachery, Macbeth's language abruptly changes: â€Å"But now I am cabin'd, cribbed, confin'd, bound in / To saucy doubts and fears. † (25–26). The alliteration of the hard c sounds reveals Macbeth's sense of constraint, in contrast to the freedom and power which he claims to have enjoyed previously. It plunges him back into insecurity. Then Lady Macbeth intervenes and brings him back to reason and the banquet itself. Returning to his guests, Macbeth goes to sit at the head of the royal table but finds Banquo’s ghost sitting in his chair.Horror-struck, Macbeth starts speaking nonsense to the ghost, which is invisible to the rest of the company: â€Å"Which of you have done this? † The guests, confused by his behavior, think that he is ill: â€Å"What, my Good Lord? / Gentlemen rise, his Highness is not well. † Lady Macbeth makes excuses for her husband, saying that he occasionally has such â€Å"visions†: â€Å"my Lord is often thus/ And hath been from his youth/; she then tell them they should simply ignore Macbeth, because acknowledging his behavior wo uld offend him: ‘The fit is momentary, upon a thought/ He will again be well. She then draws Macbeth aside and attempts to calm him by asserting that the vision is merely a â€Å"painting of [his] fear†Ã¢â‚¬â€just like the â€Å"air-drawn dagger† he saw earlier (60). She once again questions his manhood to try to snap him out of his trance: â€Å"Are you a man? † Ignoring her at first, Macbeth continues to address the ghost and charges him to speak but it disappears. After Lady Macbeth scolds him for being â€Å"unmanned in folly† (73), Macbeth finally recovers, returning to his guests and claiming that he has â€Å"â€Å"a strange infirmity which is nothing / To those that know me† and which they should ignore (85).As with the ethereal dagger, the ghost of Banquo appears to come and go, propelling Macbeth into alternating fits of courage and despair. Lady Macbeth tries to soothe her husband. In contrast to the urgent horror of Macbeth's ad dresses to the gruesome apparitions are moments of comparative calm. Each time the ghost vanishes, Macbeth's relief is recorded in softer, more lyrical expression, for exemple when he says later on in the scene: â€Å"Can such things be / And overcome us like a summer's cloud, / Without our special wonder? † (112–114).So the entire structure of this scene shows a man swinging from one state of mind to another, recalling the structure of the earlier dagger speech. Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, remains constant in her judgment. Unlike Macbeth, she cannot see the ghost, and her tone is typically pragmatic and down-to-earth: â€Å"When all's done, / You look but on a stool. † She appears to want to calm his rages, but anger simmers beneath her conciliatory words. It is unclear whether Banquo’s ghost really sits in Macbeth’s chair or whether the spirit’s presence is only a hallucination inspired by guilt.Macbeth, of course, is thick with super natural events and characters, so there is no reason to discount the possibility that a ghost actually stalks the halls. Some of the apparitions that appear in the play, such as the floating dagger in Act 2, scene 1, and the unwashable blood that Lady Macbeth perceives on her hands in Act 4, appear to be more psychological than supernatural in origin, but even this is uncertain. These recurring apparitions or hallucinations reflect the sense of metaphysical dread that consumes the royal couple as they feel the fateful force of their deeds coming back to haunt them. So, serie of oppositions: in Macbeth’s behavior itself; in characters (Macbeth # Lady Macbeth); and opposition reality/surnatural. 2. The downfall of King Macbeth The news of Fleance’s escape angers Macbeth: if only Fleance had died, he muses, his throne would have been secure. Instead, he’s now waiting for the time Fleance will come back to seek revenge: â€Å"The worm that’s fled / Hath natu re that in time will venom breed† (28–29). Throughout Macbeth, as in many of Shakespeare’s tragedies, the supernatural and the unnatural appear in grotesque form as omens of wickedness, moral corruption, and downfall.Macbeth’s bizarre behavior puzzles and disturbs his subjects, confirming their impression that he is mentally troubled. Despite the tentativeness and guilt she displayed in the previous scene, Lady Macbeth here appears surefooted and stronger than her husband, but even her attempts to explain away her husband’s â€Å"hallucination† are ineffective when paired with the evidence of his behavior. The contrast between this scene and the one in which Duncan’s body was discovered is striking—whereas Macbeth was once cold-blooded and confident, he now allows his anxieties and visions to get the best of him.The rich banquet, a symbol of great orderliness and generosity, now becomes a hellish parody of itself. Instead of Mac beth sitting â€Å"in the midst,† dispensing his largesse as he would wish, his throne has been usurped by the bloody apparition of his former friend. Macbeth's language reflects this change. The ghost, so hideous that it would â€Å"appall the devil,† appears to have risen from a grave or a â€Å"charnel-house. † Three times Macbeth sees the ghost, and three times he appears to recover his senses. This alternating structure adds strongly to the impression of Macbeth's loss of control.The short scene is dominated by the repeated word â€Å"blood† and by the idea that a tide of murder has now been initiated which Macbeth is powerless to stop. As noted previously, it is here that the downward spiral picks up pace. Macbeth, having harvested the benefits of his regicide, is beginning to see the down side of his actions. He is seen publicly as a madman, a fact reinforced by his wife's comments that the fit witnessed has been an illness of long standing. Macbet h also refers to ‘tomorrow' (133), indicating to the audience that there is more reckoning to come.Once he sees the ghost, his image as King is changed, tarnished with questions of madness. Macbeth  begins to question his sanity, he can't believe his eyes, yet he cannot look away from Banquo's ghost. In front of his dinner guests, he acts in an unstable, irrational manner. At this point, King Macbeth has lost some of the respect and admiration of his court. His subjects do not look at him the same way after this scene. Macbeth begins the slow descent into madness after this scene, losing his ability to control the future, something that he has killed to achieve.

The Influence of Technology in Human Resource Management

Information technology, also known as IT, has drastically changed the workplaces of the world in the past 50 years. The field of human resources has historically been limited to a clerical or administrative role in the business arena, dealing mainly with tasks like payroll or attendance. In the modern market, new core HR responsibilities include recruitment and training, oversight of legal and regulatory compliance, benefits administration and the safeguarding of confidential employee information, along with many more. These tasks cannot be carried out effectively without the use of high-tech tools. Advances in technology have not only made the handling of basic administrative tasks more efficient, they have expanded the role of HR and created new disciplines within the field. Database management systems are a prime example of how technology has facilitated the growth and expansion of the HR field. Using a DBMS streamlines the management of employee information. Data entry and tracking, analysis of employee information, benefits administration and applicant tracking are all made easier and less time consuming, with the information available and organized with the punch of a key (Laudon and Laudon, 165). Human resource outsourcing is a rapidly growing field all on its own. Many businesses, small and large alike, are turning to HR specialization firms such as Aon Human Capital Services, Hewitt Associates, and Affiliated Computer Services. The Braun Consulting Group reported that while saving money is the reason for outsourcing for about half of the companies surveyed, gaining outside expertise, improving service quality, and being able to focus on their core business were also cited as key motivators. These companies characteristically offer services in four principal areas of HR functionalities: payroll, time and labor management, benefits administration, and HR management. Some of the most widely used software applications are payroll and compensation management software. Payroll software is designed to automate payroll tasks, including managing payroll tax issues like federal and state calculations. Additionally, payroll software assists in creating paychecks, filing tax forms, and creating employee tax records. Compensation management oftware automates salary reviews, plans, and budgeting to name a few. This software may be hosted in-house by the operating organization, or may be web-based. Web based providers include Oasis Outsourcing, Intuit, and Amycheck. These service providers have assisted small businesses and large corporations alike in streamlining payroll and benefits management. Employee recruitment and training are widely considered to be two of the most important t asks in human resource management. Attracting and retaining competent, reliable employees is necessary for success in any business. The advent of the Internet has drastically altered the way organizations search for candidates, and vice versa. The Internet allows businesses to reach a much greater pool of candidates with a greater range of knowledge, skills, and abilities, which in turn increases the odds of finding a good match for the position(s). Larger organizations often employ their HRIS departments in developing in-depth company websites with detailed job descriptions and requirements, as well as the organization’s mission statement and corporate culture, in an effort to attract employees that fit with the attitude and values of the company. Smaller organizations cannot afford to create and maintain a large and often expensive website like this, but there are many options for outsourcing online recruitment. In addition to outsourced companies, large job posting websites such as Monster. com are popular sites for people searching for jobs to post resumes and search for a wide range of openings. Technology has also been implemented in training employees. E-learning is a widely used tool in employee training and development. The term â€Å"E-learning† includes any form of training done with electronic support. This includes online training and development, tele-class training, chat room training, and video training. The advantages of these forms of training include convenience and the ability to control the pace of the instruction. The use of this medium, however, should mainly be limited to teaching the basic concepts and skills needed for the job, with more in-depth classic training for more specific skills or needs (Smith and Mazin 69). â€Å"Communication is the key to any change† (Rudnick, 45). In any business, ffective communication between employees, managers, and customers is not just a nice perquisite, it is vital to the success (or failure) of the organization. The era of paper memos, faxes, and â€Å"regular† mail is on its way out the door. Email has rapidly become the most widely used form of communication in the business world. Instant messaging, internal databases, and bulletin boards are also well used to communicate with suppliers, employees, and customers al ike (Laudon and Laudon, 191). The explosion of cellular phone and smartphone usage has also transformed the way organizations do business. Many organizations are allowing employees to work more hours from home, conducting business over the internet and phone. Hours are more flexible, and it is no longer necessary for a physical presence in the office for a large portion of the work. Communications with customers are also altered. The Internet has opened a vast new market to many businesses. A webpage has the potential to introduce the company to millions of new customers, and also allows for easier payments, shopping, and ordering, all from home. Businesses also have an increased opportunity for improving customer relations, thanks to the Internet. Feedback is available almost instantly via email, online discussion forums, and social media. The speed of the feedback allows organizations more time to troubleshoot problems and build relationships with satisfied, returning customers. In HR, this growth in the means of communication has opened new paths to employee relations as well. Many times, employees have avoided complaining about valid concerns due to fear of retaliation. The ability to send emails provides a relative anonymity that allows for more freedom of communication between the human resources department and a company’s workers. This also allows more ready access to information such as disciplinary guidelines and employee handbooks; keeping employees informed helps to improve the overall attitude of the workplace. One of the newest trends is social networking sites. Millions of people are registered with such sites as Facebook, MySpace, or LinkedIn. A TUC briefing on social media and HR lists some of the larger issues surrounding the use of these sites. Usage of these sites by employees certainly could be trouble for human resource managers. There is the worry that accessing these sites during work hours, on work stations, will interfere with productivity. Also, the conduct of employee’s on these websites has become a potential concern. Posts dealing with breaches of commercial confidentiality or undermining a company’s reputation could potentially require disciplinary action. These issues are still controversial at this point. Many advances in technology pertain to assisting disabled people in performing everyday tasks that they would otherwise be unable to do. As Don Dalton says, these solutions â€Å"remove the â€Å"dis† from various disabilities† and make their transition into the workforce much easier. This allows companies to hire a more diverse staff and keeps them compliant with EEOC. For people with physical impairments, Dalton lists a wide variety of available technology that can assist in using a computer, for example. The most cost effective is voice recognition software, but there are also many different types of keyboards as well as a head-mounted mouse controller that can be obtained for use in the workplace. Blind people also have options available. Speech synthesizers, document readers, and screen review packages give the blind the ability to access computer documents as easily as those who can see. These technologies and more allow companies to be compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. With this explosion of connectivity and technology in the workplace, security is also a huge concern. Hacker, theft, fraud and vandalism have been a classic worry of a business’s databases (Laudon and Laudon, 232). With the growing computer literacy of the workforce, and the growing use of computers at work for personal reasons, organizations are becoming more worried about threats from online sources to their networks. Malware became the leading threat to business’s online security in 2007 (Dumitru, 2). While these problems may seem to be a problem for the IT department, the human resources department should also keep up to date on computer security as well. The information in employee files is sensitive, and every precaution should be taken to insure it stays private, including tough security policies as well as strong firewalls. â€Å"The greatest tragedy in America is not the destruction of our natural resources, though that tragedy is great. The truly great tragedy is the destruction of our human resources by our failure to fully utilize our abilities, which means that most men and women go to their graves with their music still in them. Oliver Wendell Holmes said it best. The abilities, knowledge, and talents of an organization’s workforce are the biggest assets. Without qualified, motivated workers, any business great or small is doomed to failure. The past fifty years have been a remarkable tale of technological advances, however it should always be remembered that th e technology is here to assist and uplift men in their endeavors, not replace them. These advances have transformed the field of human resource management from a minor departmental position to playing a key role in the development and growth of any organization.

Self Directed Work Teams Architecture Essay

Autonomous Work Teams ( SDWT ) is used by a big figure of administrations in today ‘s society. Manufacturers have started utilizing this construct of SDWT, which has seen to be a large growing ( Richard, William, and Wilson 1991, 44 ) . Since this squad procedure was foremost studied in 1951 in an American workplace, it has assisted this procedure to be used in a figure of concerns and industries in which most of these companies are listed in the Fortune 500 companies ( Junior-grade 2008, 2 ) . Directors who require their company ‘s policy to be up to day of the month will be trusting on members in an SDWT to help with company policy and farther developments for specific countries ( Richard, William, and Wilson 1991, 52 ) . Directors will desire to cognize how this squad procedure will profit them and the administration they are working in. Harmonizing to Caramanica, Ferris, and Little, â€Å" an SDWT offer assorted benefits † ( Caramanica, Ferris and Small 2001, 7 7 ) . Therefore directors must hold a good apprehension of an SDWT to understand the procedure and the positive impact it has in the administration. This essay shows the definition of an SDWT, effectivity of SDWT, critical ideas, and a opinion of the critical reappraisal. SDWTs can be defined in many ways. Harmonizing to Irani, an SDWT â€Å" is a diverse group of people with different attitudes, accomplishments and personalities, to work together towards common concern ends † ( Irani, Choudrie and Love 2002, 596 ) . Similar, Mullen states that, â€Å" an SDWT is a group of persons jointly responsible for carry throughing a set of undertakings and larning from their joint activities † ( Mullen 1992, 43 ) . It means a group people who portion work loads, train each other, and accomplish marks within an administration without holding a supervisor observation over them. Members of the SDWT listen to their squad members and voice their sentiments freely without holding to be criticized ( Attaran and Nguyen 2000, 25 ) . The squad evaluates and design work procedures and are responsible certain procedures within an administration ( Attaran and Nguyen 2000, 25 ) . Members allocate undertakings to team members to finish. Simply they complete und ertakings without holding any engagement of a high positioned employee such as a supervisor ( Versteeg 2007, 1 ) . The intent of making an SDWT is to better efficiency and effectivity of a squad ‘s undertaking. SDWT Teams have been found to really effectual by research workers. It leads to a decreased figure of hierarchies and more duty given to each single squad member ( McShane and Travaglione 2007, 297 ) . SDWTs have been developed over clip and are seen as a superior scheme to help employees to come on in productiveness and efficiency. Employees work together on a day-to-day footing and make positive connexions between members. They are committed to marks which is outstanding to employees compared to the administration ( Foote and Lang 2008, 936 ) . An SDWT can assist come on efficiency an persons understanding of their work which related to their fellow members and sharing control and seeking the best agencies of a undertaking ( Mullen 1992, 44 ) . Research conducted Mullen showed that an Automobile works created by General Motors have 150 SDWTs in their production lines ( Mullen 1992, 44 ) . Teams were in bond with each other squad meetings prior so follow their understandings onto the production line. In traditional administrations, employees are given undertakings and normally stop up with same occupation forever. However in an SDWT, persons â€Å" embrace the constructs of multi skilling and Job rotary motion † ( Richard, William, and Wilson 1991, 47 ) . The effectivity of SDWT benefits the administration in a figure of ways. Better public presentation, portion duty, higher committedness and public presentation, betterments to do effectual public presentation and quality ( Caramanica, Ferris and Small 2001, 77 ) . Research conducted by Irani, Sharp, and Kagioglou stated that traditional work subdivision squads in Velden Engineering ( UK ) were non autonomous and this lead the groups to outbid each other. This was seen as been uneffective and so they decided to set into pattern the usage of SDWT through educational Sessionss. Classs were held to obtain employees involvement in a SDWT ( Irani, Sharp, and Kagioglou 1997, 202 ) . Results showed that these categories organised by direction were effectual for the administration. Communication, squad consciousness, and readying were seen to be an betterment. This shows how effectual SDWT in the administrations is and the huge sum of betterment it brings in. As mentioned before research on Velden Engineering ( UK ) execution of SDWTs had a big consequence on the administration. It was conducted in 1995 and was proven to demo that SDWT was utile to utilize in the administration ( Irani, Sharp, and Kagioglou 1997, 202 ) . The research is non reliable for in-between directors in Australia because of the clip the research was conducted. At that clip, the article references that persons were usage to the traditional work squad and holding been introduced to a new squad procedure that may hold caused their committedness to work to better. The research conducted did non present a broad scope of cultural or different age grouped persons. As the research claims it was effectual and does non advert who the participants were. It may be that Velden Engineering may hold had a peculiar group of race. Research conducted in the early 1995 in an Asset Team which was portion of Chevrons Western Production ( Attaran and Nguyen 2000, 27 ) . Persons had antecedently operated in a traditional hierarchal system. They did non hold adequate employee engagement or adequate teamwork. This lead those to develop an SDWT and handling the plus squad as a whole squad. Each squad had a balance of accomplishments, leading and expertness. The squads â€Å" relied on each other and non on their supervisors † ( Attaran and Nguyen 2000, 27 ) . The research is reliable for in-between directors in Australia due to the fact that huge scopes of employees were put into the squads with different background of cognition and expertness. Attaran and Nguyen purpose was for the squads to do usage of the new cognition and accomplishments they had attained from other squad members in respects to utilizing new engineering ( Attaran and Nguyen 2000, 28 ) . Persons who were non put into squads were non able to d evelop cognition and were lead to doing determination without other single sentiments. It ‘s a valid usher for directors to utilize to implement an SDWT into their administration. The fact that employees were assorted into squads with each single holding each an expertness. Simone Kauffeld conducted a research on 140 companies in which 241 employees were in a traditional work squad and 278 in a SDWT ( Kauffeld 2006, 6 ) . Management decided which groups to include. There were more adult females in SDWT than a traditional squad and extra unskilled persons in SDWT than traditional. This resulted in demoing that SDWT â€Å" were non introduced in companies with specially qualified employees † ( Kauffeld 2006, 7 ) . Teams were given group activities and a subject to discourse. Teams were videoed and observed by a trainer. However the direction assessed the checklist for all 44 SDWT all together. Result showed that SDWT is more competent on seven out of 12 facets of competency. That means that they were competent in finishing the undertakings and were capable of working better than traditional work squads. SDWT in the research showed that they were interested in organizing undertakings to accomplish an reply. Research was conducted on a paper factory fabricating site which had two installations. Researches determined the difference between deserving moral principles of machine operators. One installation used an SDWT and the other installation used a traditional work squad. 169 out of 250 from Site A were put into a SDWT and 83 out of 146 were put into a traditional work squad. 252 out of 396 ( full site ) had completed the studies ( Petty et al 2008, 4 ) . 79 % were male, 25 % between the ages of 27 and 35, and 67 % were between the ages of 36 and 55 ( Petty et al. 2008, 52 ) . Facilities had between 18 and 30 persons in each squad. Team utilizing SDWT were found to be organized and each member acquired new accomplishments from other co-workers. In Site B, they used a traditional construction. The site consisted of a â€Å" top-down authorization † ( Petty et al. 2008, 53 ) and were employees were each individual was assigned to task related to their accomplishment. Consequences s howed that SDWT scored higher than traditional squads. They were reliable, concerted and considerate at work. SDWT was seen to be the less cost bring forthing in the administration ( Petty et al. 2008, 56 ) After reading a scope of diaries related to SDWT, we can judge on how accurate the researches are. As once more it was mentioned that Irani, Sharp, and Kagioglou research on Velden Engineering ( UK ) started in 1995 is non dependable to middle directors in Australia due to the fact that they had non mentioned a broad assortment of different cultural background nor did they advert the age groups in Velden Engineering. The age of diary is non large concern but due to the fact that they did non advert age or ethnicity does convey out some opinion. However it can be used as a usher to portray its effectivity and betterment in an administration.Research on Chevrons plus squad is found to be a dependable to middle directors in Australia. As mentioned before, each squad had a broad scope of cognition and expertness. In which this resulted each person to larn from these experts and better their accomplishment. This assists them to place jobs in the proficient country of Chevron. Each squad c ommunicated to other squads and their old wont of outbidding and viing was eliminated. At first there were defeats between squad members and new day-to-day modus operandi for persons ( Attaran and Nguyen 2000, 32 ) . However this is job was recognised by counsel squad and attempt was put in to decide the issues.Kauffelds research on 140 companies proved to be really effectual in the activities each squad had completed. A broad scope of workers with different age groups, ethnicities were included in the research. An issue that may hold triggered employees to execute better was that they were been videoed and observed by a professional trainer. Thus it could hold caused the squads to work harder as they believed the recording would hold been shown later to direction. It is minor issue and should n't be seen as a large issue. However there are other issues that may hold triggered the consequences to be high. The fact that their were more adult females in SDWT than traditional, SDWT was non introduced in companies with specially qualified employees ( Kauffeld 2006, 7 ) , more SDWT than traditional work squad companies involved either used SDWT or traditional in which some administrations may hold had hapless on the job conditions and others a good working conditions. Besides direction decided which groups to include. These issues pointed out still may hold caused the consequences to drop but it should non be seen as large quandary. This research is non effectual and dependable for in-between directors in Australia to utilize.Research ( Petty et al.2008 ) on the two installations in the paper factory site is a good illustration of the differences of holding a SDWT and a traditional work squad. The consequences show that SDWT is dependable, less cost bring forthing, and good for the administration. However the research worker may hold considered utilizing a different scope of groups and taken persons from different industries instead than the paper factory. It was m entioned that research workers were merely given limited entree to research topics that were granted by company functionaries. The research can be used by in-between directors in Australian who wish to implement SDWT within their administration. Consequences may hold differed if full entree was given to researches and they had included persons from other industries. Overall we can see the effectivity of SDWT and good it is for administration and in-between directors in Australia. ( Petty et al. 2008 ) research on the paper factory site was found to be the most dependable due to the fact that it compared SDWT and traditional squads in which it pointed out the benefits it gained. Their purpose was to detect which squad was successful for the administration in which in was found that SDWT was extremely good. Directors who do make up one's mind to implement SDWT within their administration will see an betterment for both their employee and concern. From reading a broad scope of diaries sing to SDWT, we have indentified the benefits, the effectivity, and research workers ‘ position of SDWT. The purpose was to indentify the effectivity of SDWT. From mentioning to different diary articles, it ‘s been possible to demo how effectual it is for Australian center directors and its administration. Reviewing diaries and comparison has besides assisted on how effectual SDWT is.