Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Network - Essay Example Participation is portrayed in the same class as the school region has joined forces with a truancy arrangement organization and as such has propelled a battle to urge understudies to go to class consistently. Accordingly, school participation has improved by 10%. The most recent report mirrors that day by day participation is at simply over 94%. Locale Setting Administration For authoritative purposes the school area is separated into four classifications: primary schools, center schools, secondary schools and unique schools. There are 68 grade schools, 18 center schools, 15 secondary schools and 8 unique schools. Each school is controlled by a primary who reports to the Superintendent for the region. The director is helped by a delegate administrator for organization, a representative administrator for educational plan and guidance and an agent director for business and monetary administrations. The director and the different agent administrators arrange all parts of the organizatio n of the school with the principals. Understudy Data Enrolment for the 2010-2011 scholarly year is 94, 702. The locale acknowledges understudies from the age of 4 for pre-kindergarten. When understudies are enlisted at a grade school, enrollment is not, at this point fundamental. Understudies originate from various ethnic and social foundations. Be that as it may, 67% of the understudy body is Hispanic. Area Mission The school district’s mission is to furnish excellent training with better than expected teachers and a serious extracurricular program. What's more the school district’s mission is to cultivate a situation that is family arranged. At the end of the day, the school region energizes close network between the staff, instructors, chairmen, the investigation body and the families. The school region promptly concedes that its needs to be the best spot in the state for families. Subsequently its strategic to cultivate an association between the schools and guardi ans, business and individuals from the network for the most part. This is on the grounds that the school area takes the position that while the child’s training is critical for society’s future, the family gives the way to learning. All things considered, guardians are not just committed to be effectively engaged with the instruction of the kid, yet in addition have a natural option to be included. The school area values its trend setting innovation, imaginative offices and exceptionally qualified staff. These components have made the school locale speaking to both staff and families as far as selecting understudies and teachers. The school locale has a key arrangement which focuses on the improvement of its students’ scholarly and social accomplishment. It likewise attempts to give an atmosphere to discovering that is sheltered. This is practiced by stressing the enrollment and maintenance of commendable staff, staying aware of present day innovation and cultiv ating correspondences with the outside open and bracing organizations with the business network. Crucial/Public Relations The school district’s school/network relations strategic guided by the way of thinking that the network is a partner in its schools. Thusly, two-path lines of correspondence must be open so the school locale works straightforwardly and the network is in this way completely educated regarding all issues affecting the activity and achievement of the school. An educated network is in a progressively compelling situation to take an interest in the school distr

Multicultural Matrix paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicultural Matrix paper - Essay Example Because of the globalizing pattern of economy specifically and of the world as a rule, individuals of various races and societies move significantly starting with one spot then onto the next in the worldwide scale. As a result, a country state - particularly the progressed or created nations such the North America and the Great Britain - in the here and now period is possessed or populated by numerous and different races and societies. Maybe this diaspora of individuals from various land and time, at certain rate, is a greeting to specific country states. It is questionable that industrialized countries generally get the relocation of individuals of various hues predominantly in light of the latter’s worth or incentive in the monetary sense. For one, minorities individuals are useful and supportive to the country’s progress and advancement. That is, they become a vital part of the work power from their host nation. For a specific country state, individuals from multicul tural foundations are enormously favorable or â€Å"helpful† for the explanation that they are enterprising and accommodating. Du Bois, Yavno, and Stanford (2001) note that multicultural gatherings, for example, Mexican Americans have â€Å"histories of low-paying manual labor† (p. 78). Individuals from various hues and societies are progressively accommodating to their host nation to the degree that they permit themselves to be misused.

How Cognitive Behavior Therapy Works

How Cognitive Behavior Therapy Works Psychotherapy Print Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) as Treatment Process, Types, Components, Uses, and Effectiveness By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 11, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Verywell / Daniel Fishel More in Psychotherapy Online Therapy In This Article Table of Contents Expand Basics Types Components Process Uses Criticism View All Back To Top Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of psychotherapeutic treatment that helps patients understand the thoughts and feelings that influence behaviors. CBT is commonly used to treat a wide range of disorders, including  phobias, addictions, depression, and anxiety.?? Cognitive behavior therapy is generally short-term and focused on helping clients deal with a very specific problem. During the course of treatment, people learn how to identify and change destructive or disturbing thought patterns that have a negative influence on behavior and emotions.?? Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Basics The underlying concept behind CBT is that our thoughts and feelings play a fundamental role in our behavior.?? For example, a person who spends a lot of time thinking about plane crashes, runway accidents and other air disasters may find themselves avoiding air travel. The goal of cognitive behavior therapy is to teach patients that while they cannot control every aspect of the world around them, they can take control of how they interpret and deal with things in their environment. Cognitive behavior therapy has become increasingly popular in recent years with both mental health consumers and treatment professionals. Because CBT is usually a short-term treatment option, it is often more affordable than some other  types of therapy. CBT is also empirically supported and has been shown to effectively help patients overcome a wide variety of maladaptive behaviors.?? Automatic Negative Thoughts One of the main focuses of cognitive behavioral therapy is on changing the automatic negative thoughts that can contribute to and exacerbate emotional difficulties, depression, and anxiety. These negative thoughts spring forward spontaneously, are accepted as true, and tend to negatively influence the individuals mood. Through the CBT process, patients examine these thoughts and are encouraged to look at evidence from reality that either supports or refutes these thoughts. By doing this, people are able to take a more objective and realistic look at the thoughts that contribute to their feelings of anxiety and depression. By becoming aware of the negative and often unrealistic thoughts that dampen their feelings and moods, people are able to start engaging in healthier thinking patterns.?? Types of Cognitive Behavior Therapy According to the British Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies, Cognitive and behavioral psychotherapies are a range of therapies based on concepts and principles derived from psychological models of human emotion and behavior. They include a wide range of treatment approaches for emotional disorders, along with a continuum from structured individual  psychotherapy  to self-help material. There are a number of specific types of therapeutic approaches that involve CBT that are regularly used by mental health professionals. Examples of these include: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy  (REBT):  This type of CBT is centered on identifying and altering irrational beliefs. The process of REBT involves identifying the underlying irrational beliefs, actively challenging these beliefs, and finally learning to recognize and change these thought patterns.Cognitive Therapy:  This form of therapy is centered on identifying and changing inaccurate or distorted thinking patterns, emotional responses, and behaviors.??Multimodal Therapy:  This form of CBT suggests that psychological issues must be treated by addressing seven different but interconnected modalities, which are behavior, affect, sensation, imagery, cognition, interpersonal factors and drug/biological considerations.??Dialectical Behavior Therapy:  This type of cognitive-behavioral therapy addresses thinking patterns and behaviors and incorporates strategies such as emotional regulation and mindfulness. While each type of cognitive-behavioral therapy offers its own unique approach, each centers on addressing the underlying thought patterns that contribute to psychological distress. The Best Online Therapy Programs The Components of Cognitive Behavior Therapy People often experience thoughts or feelings that reinforce or compound faulty beliefs. Such beliefs can result in problematic behaviors that can affect numerous life areas, including family, romantic relationships, work, and academics. For example, a person suffering from low  self-esteem  might experience  negative thoughts  about his or her own abilities or appearance. As a result of these negative thinking patterns, the individual might start avoiding social situations or pass up opportunities for advancement at work or at school. In order to combat these destructive thoughts and behaviors, a cognitive-behavioral therapist begins by helping the client to identify the problematic beliefs. This stage, known as functional analysis, is important for learning how thoughts, feelings, and situations can contribute to maladaptive behaviors.?? The process can be difficult, especially for patients who struggle with introspection, but it can ultimately lead to self-discovery and insights that are an essential part of the treatment process. The second part of cognitive behavior therapy focuses on the actual behaviors that are contributing to the problem. The client begins to learn and practice new skills that can then be put in to use in real-world situations. For example, a person suffering from drug addiction might start practicing new coping skills and rehearsing ways to avoid or deal  with social situations  that could potentially trigger a relapse. In most cases, CBT is a gradual process that helps a person take incremental steps towards a  behavior change. Someone suffering from social anxiety might start by simply imagining himself in an anxiety-provoking social situation. Next, the client might start practicing conversations with friends, family, and acquaintances. By progressively working toward a larger goal, the process seems less daunting and the goals easier to achieve. The Process of Cognitive Behavior Therapy During the process of CBT, the therapist tends to take a very active role.CBT is highly goal-oriented and focused, and the client and therapist work together as collaborators toward the mutually established goals.The therapist will typically explain the process in detail and the client will often be given homework to complete between sessions.Cognitive-behavior therapy can be effectively used as a short-term treatment centered on helping the client deal with a very specific problem.?? Uses of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Cognitive behavior therapy has been used to treat people suffering from a wide range of disorders, including: AnxietyPhobiasDepressionAddictionsEating disordersPanic attacksAnger CBT is one of the most researched types of therapy, in part because treatment is focused on highly specific goals and results can be measured relatively easily. Compared to psychoanalytic types of psychotherapy which encourage a more open-ended self-exploration, cognitive behavior therapy is often best-suited for clients who are more comfortable with a  structured and focused approach in which the therapist often takes an instructional role. However, for CBT to be effective, the individual must be ready and willing to spend time and effort analyzing his or her thoughts and feelings. Such self-analysis and homework can be difficult, but it is a great way to learn more about how internal states impact outward behavior. Cognitive behavior therapy is also well-suited for people looking for a short-term treatment option for certain types of emotional distress that does not necessarily involve psychotropic medication. One of the greatest benefits of cognitive-behavior therapy is that it helps clients develop coping skills that can be useful both now and in the future.?? Criticisms of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Initially, some patients suggest that while they recognize that certain thoughts are not rational or healthy, simply becoming aware of these thoughts does not make it easy to alter them. CBT doesnt tend to focus on potential underlying unconscious resistances to change as much as other approaches such as  psychoanalytic psychotherapy.?? It is important to note that CBT does not just involve identifying these thought patterns; it is focused on using a wide range of strategies to help clients overcome these thoughts.  Such strategies may include journaling, role-playing, relaxation techniques, and mental distractions.?? A Word From Verywell Cognitive-behavior therapy can be an effective treatment choice for a range of psychological issues. If you feel that you might benefit from this form of therapy, consult with your physician and check out the directory of certified therapists offered by the National Association of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists to locate a professional in your area.

My Philosophy of a Constructivist Mathematics Education

At what point does a student, in all intents and purposes, experience something mathematical? Does it symbolise a student that can remember a formula, write down symbols, see a pattern or solve a problem? I believe in enriching and empowering students’ mathematical experiences that fundamentally stems from a Piagetian genetic epistemological constructivist model that allow students to scaffold their learning through cognitive processes that are facilitated by teaching in a resource rich and collaborative environment (Thompson, 1994, p.69). The student Constructivist learning in mathematics should endeavour to encourage students to â€Å"construct their own mathematical knowledge through social interaction and meaningful activities†¦show more content†¦A skilled teacher will also construct an appropriate classroom environment where students openly discuss, reflect on and make sense of tasks set before them (Clements et al, 1990). Through pedagogical constructivism (Noddings, 1990, p.14) I believe that in order to teach well, â€Å"we need to know what our students are thinking, how they produce the chain of little marks we see on their papers, and what they can do (or want to do) with the material we present to them (Noddings, 1990, p.15).† Through pedagogical constructivism, teacher should warrant the use of more effective diagnostic tools, such as understanding ways of thinking, methodical errors and misconceptions (Noddings, 1990, p.15). This is achieved by using an array of effective teaching strategies. Justified Learning teaching strategies to develop understanding It is important to note that a student’s view of a subject is founded upon the experiences in which he/she is immersed in and this subsequently forms their expectations of mathematics (Knowles, 2009, p.29). The strategies that teachera employ should be both challenging but achievable and furthermore within Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development (ZPD). â€Å"Realting is the most powerful contextual teaching strategy and is at the heart of constructivism (Crawford et al, 1999, p. 34).† This is where students draw on their own life experiences and use their prior knowledge to address a problem or question at hand. It isShow MoreRelated My Philosophy of a Constructivist Mathematics Education Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding (Van de Walle, 2007, p.27).† My philosophy of a constructivist mathematics education At what point does a student, in all intents and purposes, experience something mathematical? Does it symbolise a student that can remember a formula, write down symbols, see a pattern or solve a problem? I believe in enriching and empowering a student’s mathematical experience that fundamentally stems from a Piagetian genetic epistemological constructivist model. This allows the student to scaffoldRead MoreEssay Theoretical Stance on Learning and Teaching Mathematics1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Teaching of Mathematics – As a pre-service teacher, my philosophy of teaching Mathematics is based on a constructivist, student-centred approach. I have learned, through my practicum experiences, as well as Mathematics Education courses, which advocate this approach, that it is the most effective way to teach Mathematics. This essay will explicitly describe my philosophy, as well as explain and justify the specific teaching and learning strategies related to this philosophy, supported by theRead MoreExploring Inquiry Based Spatial Sense Activities1236 Words   |  5 Pagesteachers accountable for the education of America’s children. These initiatives are somewhat convoluted, but are in place to ensure that students who graduate our educational institutions are college and career ready. These reforms are reinforced by the General Assembly, who in 1995, passed legislation that requires students with disabilities be educated and held accountable to the standards of their non-disabled peers (US Governme nt, 2015). Prior to 1995, special education teachers had been affordedRead MoreQuestions On Teaching And Learning2111 Words   |  9 PagesThe area of curriculum in which I am interested is primary school mathematics in New Zealand. Learning and teaching mathematics is an important area of focus and challenge for teachers and researchers. Children difficulties with like and dislike for mathematics seem to increase as they progress to higher grades and, as testing become more significant in terms of its intermediate and lower term consequences. The NZC (MoE, 2007a) provides a distinct statement of the knowledge, competencies, and valuesRead MoreMy Beliefs As An Educator For Over Nineteen Years Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesMy Beliefs As an educator for over nineteen years, I have witnessed many different styles and methods of teaching and learning. Reflecting on past years I see many different factors that have built my beliefs and philosophy on leadership, teaching and learning. While some beliefs have been established through formal education; most are a result of observation, trial-and-error, field-tested, real-time, relevant learning experiences. â€Å"Learning is how people make sense of their experience – learningRead MoreEssay on Special Education Reflection1336 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Special Education 332 (Education and Inclusion of Individuals with Special Needs) has been enlightening for me as a secondary mathematics educator. In the beginning of the semester, my feelings towards special education were those of apathy and insensitivity. I now understand that my feelings were due to my lack of knowledge and my judgment based on stereotypes. I always knew that making fun of students with learning disabilities was wrong. However, I never felt that inclusion of special education studentsRead MoreSpecial Education Reflection1329 Words   |  6 PagesREFLECTION PAPER Reflection Paper En Tseh Wang Lehigh University Special Education 332 (Education and Inclusion of Individuals with Special Needs) has been enlightening for me as a secondary mathematics educator. In the beginning of the semester, my feelings towards special education were those of apathy and insensitivity. I now understand that my feelings were due to my lack of knowledge and my judgment based on stereotypes. I always knew that making fun of students with learningRead MoreMy Teaching Ideas and Theory Applications2728 Words   |  11 PagesI believe every child can succeed in mathematics, and it is my role to unlock this potential. I aim to teach in ways that help children develop cooperation, assertion and responsibility, as well as a good understanding of subject matter. I believe this can be achieved by creating a culture in the classroom that is built gradually on trust, with a common language, through rules that we create together, and by practicing procedures until they become nearly automatic. I aim to use the resources, materialsRead MoreThe Effect Of Inquiry Based Learning On Pupils Understanding2214 Words   |  9 PagesINQUIRY – BASED LEARNING ON PUPILS’ UNDERSTANDING Two of the three aims of the national curriculum for mathematics in England states that pupils should be able to: †¢ reason mathematically by following a line of enquiry, conjecturing relationships and generalisations, and developing an argument, justification or proof using mathematical language †¢ solve problems by applying their mathematics to a variety of routine and non - routine problems with increasing sophistication, including breaking downRead MoreEssay on My Philosophy of Education1613 Words   |  7 PagesWhen asked how one would define education many may say it is learning subjects such as Mathematics and English, being tested to see what one has absorbed and that the subsequent marks indicate the level of one’s success. Until recently, due to my experiences in education, I too agreed with this as well as believing that I was of a certain ability level. Only now, through having being introduced to various learning theories, experiences and influences during teacher training have I started to develop

Replacing Fossil Fuels With Renewable Energy - 1931 Words

Replacing Fossil Fuels with Renewable Energy Josh Decker Edina High School Abstract Over the past several years, scientists have researched the impact fossil fuels currently have on our world today. These sources of energy have an irreversible and devastating consequence on our environment. Fossil fuels are disliked due to being non-renewable and unsustainable. As more technological advancements have occurred, more efforts have arisen related to replacing fossil fuels with renewable sources of energy. Due to the integration of existing technology the public has become reluctant to adopt new energy technologies. Renewable energy brings many desirable health, environmental, and economic benefits. These renewable methods may ultimately provide a brighter future for generations to come. Replacing Fossil Fuels with Renewable Energy The U.S. Energy Information Administration (2015) reports that the United States consumed approximately 19.4 million barrels of petroleum products daily, which calculated to an overall total of 7.08 billion barrels by the end of 2015 (para. 2). The United States population consumes a huge quantity of oil alone, in addition to all of the other fossil fuels that it also greatly depends on. Fossil fuels are a natural resource that is in limited supply, and they provide an efficient and consistent supply of power to communities all over the planet. Many people are pleased with the short-term advantages theseShow MoreRelatedU.s. Should Replace Fossil Fuel With Renewable Energy994 Words   |  4 PagesGomez Professor Melissa Tran English 061 26754 14 November 2016 Renewable Energy The U.S. should replace fossil fuel with renewable energy. There are many reasons that the U.S. can use renewable energy to improve the economy. 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The clear benefits of adapting to renewable sources of energy are very promising and can continue on to impactRead MoreFossil Fuels vs Energy Alternatives730 Words   |  3 PagesHow can energy be converted from one form to another? All forms of energy can be converted to another form of. For example: A pendulum is an object is suspended by a string or wire for support. If the object is moved to one side and then released, it will swing back and forth in an arc. At that moment the object reaches the top of its swing, it stops for an instant, and then begins another swing. At that instant of stopping, the object has 100 percent potential energy and no kinetic energy. The objectRead MoreSolar Energy : A Cleaner Tomorrow1159 Words   |  5 PagesSolar Energy: A Cleaner Tomorrow Renewable energy sources have changed communities, consumers and businesses worldwide. By reducing or eliminating altogether the use of fossil fuel and replacing it with renewable energy sources, can promote a cleaner future for America. Solar power and solar energy are helping to assist many families in reducing their energy bills and more so with commercial businesses. Ultimately solar energy has the potential to become United States main source of energy, alongRead MoreFuel Usage Of Electric Vehicles1389 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction In 2015, transport energy demand in New Zealand was up 2305.56 GWh, the largest annual increase in 20 years (MBIE, 2016). This energy came from non-renewable fossil fuels, and as such is not sustainable in the long term. The subject of this research is to investigate the impact of targeting 20% of the light passenger fleet being electric. 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There are household items like clothing, ink, crayons, pillows, shoes, el ectrical tape, etc. We use oil for not only fuel, but also various types of plastics, synthetic materials, and chemical products (ConocoPhillips 2016). From the article written by Robert Lamb, it says, in 2009, oil wells around the world pumped 84 to 85 million barrel out of the Earth and countries consumed just as muchRead MoreNuclear Fusion And Nuclear Energy Essay1638 Words   |  7 Pages ¬Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom. This is how the sun produces energy. 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There are household items like clothing, ink, crayons, pillows, shoes, electrical tape, etc. We use oil for not only fuel, but also various types of plastics, synthetic materials, and chemical products (ConocoPhillips 2016). From the article written by Robert Lamb, it says, in 2009, oil wells around the world pumped 84 to 85 million barrels out of the Earth and countries

Abnormal Psychology Critique Free Essays

Changes in impairment level, functional status, and use of assistive devices by older people with depressive symptoms. Dayao, Arveene L. BS Psychology II – 01 Manila Tytana Colleges To be submitted to : Ms. We will write a custom essay sample on Abnormal Psychology Critique or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sheila Laine Dela Paz Date submitted : January 30, 2012 ABSTRACT This study sought to understand how functional status, impairment level, and use of assistive devices change over 3 years for older adults with depressive symptoms. I further explored factors that predict change in severity of depressive symptoms. During 3 years, participants experienced ncreased physical disability, a decline in severity of depressive symptoms, and an increase in the total number of assistive devices owned. A significant number of older adults will experience a decrease in depressive symptoms over 3 years, despite an increase in physical disability. They also will obtain more assistive devices as they age. The specific issue that stands out in the journal is relative to the various changes in impairment level, functional status and use of some suggested assistive devices that could be used by older people who suffer symptoms of depression. I do very much agree how the author ouched the subject and exp lained depression among the older people. There is nothing from the journal article that I disagree about. The points presented by the author about the existence of this feeling of depression among the older people are true and satisfactory. The second journal that I have, Suicide In Older Adults : Nursing Assessment Of Suicide by Linda Garand, PhD, APRN, BC, Ann M. Mitchell, PhD, RN, AHN, BC, Ann Dietrick, MSN, APRN, BC, Sophia P. Hijjawi, BSN, RN, and Di Pan, BSN, RN, is somewhat parallel to my first journal. This second article talks about suicide in older adults. It is being discussed here that suicide and attempted suicide is associated with depression, psychosis and substance abuse among younger individuals, yet among older adults, depression and co morbid medical conditions play important contributory roles. Same as what was being talked about in the first article. The issue that attracts my attention is on the prevalence of suicidal behaviors in older adults and lays a foundation for understanding the role of risk factors in the prevention of suicide. Just like in the first article, the issue focuses more on depression on older adults. It has been proven that the older adults are the one that easily get depressed than the younger ones. Just as no single factor is universally causal, no single intervention will prevent all suicides. The multi-dimensionality of suicide presents great challenges, but also has important implications for prevention. Suicide in late life must be understood as a complex combination of interactive effects in which mood disorders take a central role. Our ability to more precisely target preventive interventions will hinge on a better understanding of those relationships. Until then, urses and others must be diligent in the identification of older adults at risk for suicide. Subgroups of older adults at high risk for suicide include those with depressive illnesses, previous suicide attempts, physical illnesses, and those who are socially isolated. Therefore I can say, that major depression is the most common diagnosis in older adults (of both sexes) who attempt or complete suicide. This stud y used data from Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Aging Consumer Assessment Study, a longitudinal study of coping strategies of elders with disabilities. Seventy-three participants with depressive symptoms were interviewed at baseline and 3 years later. I believe that the author used the most appropriate method because they have come about with good results. And thus, there is no other appropriate or suitable way to test the depressive symptoms of older people than having a study or conducting a survey on a rehabilitation center. For me, application through conducting tests would be the best idea to prove whether the issue is correct or not. The journal article fully and clearly explains what depression is all about that affects the lder people. It is notable that depression happens to some people more especially the old ones who are said to be prone to the disorder. Upon relating the topic to my course, such situation is under the field of Abnormal Psychology. The field is of great importance to students taking up Psychology course like me who would desire to pursue the field of Clinical Psychology. As depression is common and could happen to everyone, this study is applicable to all. Through it, we shall have a clear idea of the appropriate way to do if ever we meet or experience a feeling of depression. Above all things, this will be a great help to me who would really like to be a successful Clinical Psychologist in the future. REFERENCES Mann, William C. , et al. â€Å"Changes in impairment level, functional status, and use of assistive devices by older people with depressive symptoms. †Ã‚  AJOT: American Journal of Occupational Therapy  62. 1 (2008): 9+. InfoTrac Custom 100 Titles. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. Document URL http://find. galegroup. com/gtx/infomark. do? source=galesrcprod=SP00prodId=SPJ. SP00u serGroupName=phmtctabID=T002docId=A208219498type=retrievecontentSet=IAC- Documentsversion=1. 0 Agree, E. , Freedman, V. (2003). A comparison of assistive technology and personal care in alleviating disability and unmet need. Gerontologist, 43, 335-344. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author. Bergner, M. , Bobbitt, R. , Pollard, W. , Martin, D. , Gilson, B. (1976). The Sickness Impact Profile: Validation of a health status measure. Medical Care, 14, 57-67. Bradburn, N. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine. Center for Functional Assessment Research. 1990). Guide for use of the Uniform Data Set for Medical Rehabilitation (Version 3. 1). Buffalo, NY: Author. Chen, T. Y. , Mann, W. C. , Tomita, M. , Nochajski, S. (2000). Caregiver involvement in the use of assistive devices by frail older persons. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 20, 179- 199. Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics. (2004). Older Americans 2004: K ey indicators of well-being. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. Fillenbaum, G. G. (1988). Multidimensional functional assessment of older adults: The Duke Older American Resources and Services procedures. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Fillenbaum, G. G. , Smyer, M. A. (1981). The development, validity, and reliability of the OARS Multidimensional Functional Assessment Questionnaire. Journal of Gerontology, 36, 428-434. Folstein, M. , Folstein, S. E. , McHugh, P. (1975). â€Å"Mini-Mental State†: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189- 198. Gilson, B. S. , Gilson, J. S. , Bergner, M. , Bobbit, R. A. , Kressel, S. , Pollard, W. E. , et al. (1975). The Sickness Impact Profile: Development of an outcome measure of health care. American Journal of Public Health, 65, 1304-1325. Hamilton, B. , Granger, C. , Sherwin, F. , Zielenzy, M. , Tashman, J. (1987). A uniform national data system for medical rehabilitation. In M. Fuhrer (Ed. ), Rehabilitation outcomes: Analysis and measurement (pp. 137-147). Baltimore: Paul H. Brookes. Hamilton, M. (1960). A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurologic Neurosurgical Psychiatry, 23, 56-62. Hoenig, H. , Taylor, D. , Sloan, F. (2003). Does assistive technology substitute for personal assistance among the disabled elderly? American Journal of Public Health, 93, 330-337. Kruskal, W. , Wallis, W. (1952). Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 47, 583-621. Lebowitz, B. , Pearson, J. , Schneider, L. , Reynolds, C. , Alexopoulos, G. , Bruce, M. , et al. (1997). Diagnosis and treatment of depression in late life. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278, 1186-1190. Lenze, E. , Schulz, R. , Matire, L. , Zdaniuk, B. , Glass, T. , Kop, W. , et al. (2005). The course of functional decline in older people with persistently elevated depressive symptoms: Longitudinal findings from the cardiovascular health study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 53, 569-575. Lubin, B. (1967). Manual for the Depression Adjective Check Lists. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service. Mann, W. , Llanes, C. , Justiss, M. , Tomita, M. (2004). 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Role of Brahmanism in the decline of Buddhism

Introduction It’s always confusing when answering the question of how Buddhism did spread so widely throughout Asia, yet it declined in India. In the travelogue â€Å"A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms1and later Great Tang Records on the Western Region†2 written by different Chinese Buddhist monks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Brahmanism in the decline of Buddhism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is revealed that between 399 CE to 645 CE, the descriptions of Indus society clearly indicated the decline of Buddhism in their birth land. In fact, the commencement of this decline was backdated to the times where historians can barely find any trace to prove that Buddhism was still in existence in the Deccan after 11503. Most historians concluded that there were various internal and external factors which led to the disappearance of Buddhism in India. Some of this causes included; the decadence w ithin Buddhism and the hostility from Brahmins. Being the main religion throughout the history of India, Brahmanism nourishes the Indian culture dominating around 80% of the Indian population (Hinduism)4. Compare with the impact of Brahmins religion on Indian society, Buddhism didn’t truly challenge the supremacy of Brahmanism. Even at that time of the Mauryan Empire, Buddhism scaled down its peak heights. It is not necessarily important to justify that we ascribe the extinction of Buddhism simply to the influence of its powerful competitor, the Brahmanism. However, it’s evident that the declining influence of Buddhism was also accompanied by the rise of agrarian-based religion of Brahmins on the Indian subcontinent. In addition to this, the persecution of Bramanical Kings together with the anti-Buddhism propaganda was a heavy hit to the Buddhists. Anti-Buddhism There is enough accounts rendered, which revealed all the persecution of Buddhism by Bramanical rulers. The Brahmanas never fully accepted the growing of Buddhist faith. In fact, at a later stage they counted Buddha as one of the avataras. Notable to mention is that, Sunga Pusyamitra is the best well-known example, of those anti-Buddhism kings who ordered the persecutions. According to history, these kings were linked in the persecution of Buddhists and the resurgence of Brahmanism. Buddhist texts Ashokavadana and Divyavadana, accused the persecution of Buddhists under his reign stating that â€Å"he would give a hundred dinara rewards to whoever brought him the head of a Buddhist monk†5. Many secular historians regard these accounts as exaggerated K.T.S. This influenced Sarao to examine whether the animosity of the Brahmanas seriously contributed to the decline of Buddhism, especially in the case of Pusyamitra and Sasanka6.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In his conclusion, Sarao stated that there was no exact evidence showing that Pusyamitra and Sasanka did beleaguer Buddhists. However, the only certainty considered was that they withdrew the patronage of Buddhism and often selectively persecuted Buddhists.7 Inspite of many persecution stories being written down on Buddhists accounts, they are widely suspected by modern historians. By the matter of facts, it’s not fair to justify that such stories are not true considering that the author is a Buddhist by identity. There are many extreme examples showing Brahmanas attempt to burn the pavilion, where Xuanzang was to be honored by king Hará ¹ £avardhana and also to kill pro-Buddhist Har–avardhana8. On the other hand, Brhannaradiyapurana declared it a principal sin, whenever any Brahmana would enters the house of a Buddhist even at times of great perils. Vishnupurana regarded the Buddha as Mayamoha who appeared in the world to delude demons. On that note, Sankara vijaya of Madhava revealed that Sankara led a religious expedition against the Bauddhas as one of his strategies to end Buddhism.9 These accounts which are written by Brahmins avails clear evidence showing that the hostility of Brahmanism towards Buddhists is not some illusion or exaggeration, but was all political. Although it might not appear that there was massive action to destroy Buddhism, it’s sufficient to declare that Brahmanas had no favor towards Buddhism. Furthermore, Bramanical Kings took necessary measures whatsoever to oppress any the development of Buddhism. Such steps include; withdrawal of patronage for the Buddhists. Bearing in mind that the flourishing of Buddhism entirely depended on the generosity of the royal patronage given by kings. Nevertheless, not only Asoka, Kaniska, Harsavarkhana and the Pala kings who gave strong and substantial patronage to Buddhism but, as usually all Hindu kings were bound by custom to assist all categories of religions. Contrary, it was during the res urgence of Hinduism, when the patronage of Buddhism was sharply diminished. As we know, from the law of India, the patronage of any sects is related to a certain percentage of tax revenue and land grants10 Conclusion In conclusion, it is evident to substantiate that the alleged persecution of Buddhists by Brahmans was one of the greatest hit which resulted to the decline of Buddhism. Other strategies used by Brahmans to ensure that they absorbed all the Buddhists into their religion included the withdrawal from the royal patronage. This was followed by Muslim invasion, which was to drive away all Buddhists communities into extinction. Finally, it is good to understand that this war against Buddhism dint take one day or a single event, but it was a multi-factorial, which took centuries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Brahmanism in the decline of Buddhism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Footnotes 1 FaXia n A Record of Buddhist Kingdoms 2 Xuan Zang Great Tang Records on the Western Region 3 Sir Charles Eliot Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historica Sketch vol.2 p108 4 According to Wikipedia 5 Ashokavadana, 133, trans. John Strong. 6 K.T.S Sarao â€Å"On the Question of Animosity of Brahmanas and Persecution of Brahmanical Kings Leading to the Decline of Buddhism in India† Chung-Hwa Buddhist Studies, No. 10, (2006) Taipei: The Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies 7 Ibid., 274Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 8 Ibid., 266 9 Dr. S. R. Goyal A History of Indian Buddhism Kusumanjali Prakashan P394 10 Ibid., 399 This essay on Role of Brahmanism in the decline of Buddhism was written and submitted by user Tristin Mcintyre to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.